Dependent On Their Cell Phones English Language Essay

Dependent On Their booth Phones slope Language Essay planetary phone shouts be a must retain in the moderne society. They contain receive so central to the unremark suitable liveliness that most mass find it really disfranchised to do without them. Just by a swipe, e verything from banking services to online shopping to payment of bills atomic number 18 done adept in that location on the low-pitched gadget (Brown et al. 381-394). You deal listen to music and likewise create cyber friendship. Yes these impostures be reliable, yes they atomic number 18 favourable and yes they simplify demeanor. hardly withal much of something is unhealthy. deal contract locomote besides mutualist on them. In as much as they provide wide and far r from each oneing advantages, they withal control their downsides. plurality who are habituated to the electric cubicle telecommunicates are to a greater extent likely to accept from brain drive outcer, physical and p sychological symptoms, read broken relationships and literally be isolated from the community life (Sellman 74-76). The purpose of this paper is to take this banter in detail by answering the question why populate feed be get laid too dependent on their electric carrell phones. In doing so, this paper begins with a brief history of jail stall phone origins and wages to tackle the advantages and drawbacks of the small gadgets in todays culture. It concludes with a brief summary of the built-in contents discussed.History of Cell PhonesThe history of cell phones is somewhat foresightful and non so certain, though many argue that it could thrust started approximately 1843 with the small research of Michael Farady. He had hoped to find a space finished which electricity could be conducted. His findings were later to become the reference points of the 19th hundred scientists. In 1865, Dr. Mahlon true what is believed to be the for the first time gear wireless communicatio n applied science. He is excessively concept to entertain transmitted the first telegraphic nub in 1866 through Earths atmosphere. In the 1940s, new devices were created based on communicate technology. They were primarily a twain-way radio communication. For instance, this was the time when police finish officers communicated with each other(a) via a central base. In 1946, the Swedish police officers were able to use cell phones that were connected to the car barrage. But these devices could sole(prenominal) comprise (utmost) six calls before draining up the car-battery.In 1947, D.H. Ring developed hexagonal cells, though they were too a two-way technology. Soon after, a nonher(prenominal) engineer came up with the cell towers technology, which enabled the devices to collect and convey signals in a three-way direction rather than two. Like the previous technologies, they heavily consumed battery and had to be connected to car battery. For example, the Swedish police cel l phones weighed closely(predicate) eighty pounds. By 1967, cell phones were already in use in different places however, the users could only make their calls from intractable cell areas. Besides, these cell phones could only handle a set range. Later on, Amos Edward Joel developed another technology that enabled users to make longer calls, further still from fixed cell locations. priggish cell phones first featured in the early 1970s. Dr. Martin Cooper is thought to eat been the first inventor of these take-away phones. Interestingly, he equally became the first man to make a call through a portable device. He in any case established the first portable cell phone station, and named it Motorola. This technology was approved by the U.S g everywherenment (FCC) in 1983. The DynaTAC 800X only weighed cardinal eight pounds compared to the previous devices, and was exceptionally small for its time (Rainer Cegielski 243). Since then, hand-held phones have been in constant improve ments with new applications and models created almost every other time. In the 1990s, the 2G technology boomed the cell phone securities industry. The hand-held devices were small and had an advance battery. What is available in the market today is the third generation cell phones. These phones are based on a 3G technology. Their innovations are extremely advanced (Rainer Cegielski 236-266).It was not until recently, however, that they became an integral part of gentle life. Like many other technologies that pressurise the superiority of social status, the small devices began as a class figure of the selected few (affluent in particular). In 1983, for example, the Motorola model was sold in the market for 100 million U.S dollars. You can imagine how many commonwealth could relent that. Then somewhere out of the blue, the reserved affluent privilege changed when the devices became sensibly priced and accessible to everyone. Better still the advancement in technology alike s aw the devices move from two-way radios to world coverage towers. People are now call on the carpeting about the extremely advanced 3G technology (Brans 61-72).why do People Rely on Cell Phones in todays assimilation?People depend on cell phones in todays culture for a number of reasons. Essentially, the devises provide reliable advantages with few downsides. Never in human history, has a device influenced and transformed the means of communication as seen today. Cell phones have done it. They are inevitably intertwined into the human social life for good reasons. The cell phone technology has facilitated rapid communications and has make it possible to communicate with everyone from anywhere. Apart from the vocal communication, the technology has withal enabled its subscribers to hop out multiple textual matter messages to millions of people every single day if they so wish (Brans 61-72).What holds the society together and what supports its structures is communication. Without it, everything else is down. Accordingly, there is no device (at least not for now) in the modern world that facilitates communication better than the cell phone. For instance, sightly before cell phones boomed into the market, people relied major(ip)ly on landlines to communicate with their love ones and also for authorized purposes. But the communication had to be on fixed locations because landlines were established on fixed areas. As a result, people on the move could not communicate over landlines. Cell phones, on the other hand, have make it possible to communicate with the loved ones and make official arrangements from anywhere regular(a) bandage on the move (Kavoori Arceneaux 85).The device has also brought revolution in the telecommunication sector. Statistical data in America, for example, reveals that over 74 percent of its citizens have employ the hand-held technology to oppose to emergencies. They widely use it to alert the police, call a doctor, report a car-c rash or seek other forms of emergency responses. In addition, while parents could not initially keep in touch with their children while away from home, they can now check on them from wherever they are.Apart from calls and text messages, modern cell phones also facilitate data sharing. They can be used to transmit convenient and reliable information, but can also be used to store a great deal of data. With the large cell phone memory, people do not need to spend the unhurt day in book-keeping or having to deal with the computer drawbacks. Everything is right there in the pocket. Just a swipe and the information pass on be there.The cell phone technology has also enhanced the tincture of life. It is no longer a luxury like many other technologies it has become part of life. It is strongly woven into the social structures of the society. People need them for the quality life. Of course this is not to say people cannot do without them. They can if they so decide.Overall, the positiv e sides of cell phones are wide and far reaching. The e-mail messages, text messages, phone calls, cell-phone internet, data-sharing cards, music, phonebook, cameras etc., are brought together by the cell phone technology. Besides, the devices have also entirely transformed the telecommunication industry and brought the world more(prenominal) closer to the people. People are talking about cell phone banking services, shopping, paying of bills and fees, security devices and slowly transfer of money, all because of the technology. The convenience, reliability and functionality by chance explain the reasons behind the booming cell phone market (Rainer Cegielski 236-266).Drawbacks of Cell phonesIn as much as the cell phones have unite the world, enhanced quality life and made life easyr, the devises have also had their dark sides. Most people have become too dependent on them. Cell phones are the first things they see when they wake up, and defy things they touch before they slee p. People run for them in the market, but do not really pay attention to their side effects on ones social life or health (Makker et al. 148-157). In America, for instance, it is really hard sit together as a committee or family to reckon on important issues for even an hour without having one or two people excusing themselves for other important calls. It is not true that those calls are imperative it is all about obsession with the devises.Even scarier, nobody thinks about the impacts of the electromagnetic microwaves from the small devises. Well, according to the medical reports, they hinder ones ability to communicate, analyze or concentrate on complex activities. People who use cell phones while driving, for instance, have caused several accidents (Farmer 466-470). It is also true that people who rely too much on cell phones cannot solve problems that need prompt solutions. Everything for them is about swiping, and when they cannot then they cant do anything (Schlehofer et al . 1107-1112).Studies also show that children whose mothers were addicted to the small device during pregnancy have high chances (over 70 percent) of developing behavioral predicaments. The ADD and ADHD are typical behavior problems of such children. They also have problems socializing with their peers and extremely display emotional weaknesses. Further, the National genus Cancer Institute of America has revealed that there is a connection between brain cancer and mobile phone radiations (Sue 62-70).There is also a misfortune that these devices, which were essentially made to enhance the quality of life and unite the world, could accordingly destroy the very things they were supposed to construct. People are acquiring so obsessed with reaching out to those who are far away forgetting that there are people right in front of them that they can talk to. Even problems that can easily be resolved from within are bonny taken far because one finds it rather easy to hustle a phone and seek help elsewhere. It is also a major concern that children are increasingly withdrawing from their families because they have to main their cyber friendships (Sanchez-Martinez Otero 131-137).Cell phones have also been used to break relationships. If you are upset with your lover you just text and tell the person its over. Many people have also been caught up in cheating just by a simple phone call. Many marriages are also breaking up because spouses are too busy with the outside world than with their families. The devices have made people not to appreciate those they stay with. Ass a result of the mobile technology, people no longer communicate with each other in full sentences. No longer, for example, is simply text as lol. In effect, the ordinary has created a huge gap between the younger generation (dotcoms) and the honest-to-god generation. To say it all, these gadgets have become an integral part of the daily life, but at a great expense (Kavoori Arceneaux 61-84).Are Pe ople too Dependent on their Cell Phones?Essentially, the purpose of cell phones is to make life easier and productive. If one wants to connect/contact a group of people, one simply goes to phonebook or opens email, then selects everyone he wants to share the information with, and right away clicks the send button. Within no minute, they are already on the same with the sender. This is the beauty of having a cell phone.It is true that people have become too dependent on cell phones. In as much as they have improved the quality of life, they have also become an epidemic in the modern society. But the problem is not with the cell phones. It is people who have taken the devices too seriously. Others depend on it too much. It is ridiculous to see how some people react, for instance, when they lose their cell phones. Its like they have wooly-minded the rest of their lives, or the world has come to an end. Others seriously get pissed off, while others its like they have lost a limb or an equivalent. These are the kind of people that cell phones not only play an integral part in their lives, but also central to their whole being (South 100/93).It is quite easy to identify those who are too dependent on the technology. Generally, this category of people will display serious mental and physical symptoms. Apart from distress, they will also employ the rhetoric of addiction and dependence when trying to give their experiences of going without a phone. Others talk about how scared they were when they lost their cell phones. Of course it is normal to be frustrated when one loses a property, let alone an important device like a cell phone. But it is total madness to literally shed tears, be lonely, call off life, or suffer from the major psychological effects. Nothing would make someone panic or shiver if it is not an obsession (Sanchez-Martinez Otero 131-137).According to The creation Unplugged Project, schoolchilds who seriously depend on their phones cannot afford t o stay away from their phones for more than 24 hours. At the end of day 1 of the research, all the student participants claimed to have developed psychological symptoms, while others literally displayed physical symptoms (Silk et al. 241-257).another(prenominal) method of identifying those who are too dependent on the hand-held device is to withdraw the phones from them for a while and wait to see how they react. Obviously, they are those who would be imagining phone vibrations in their pockets even though they do not have them. Others would be receiving non-existent text messages when they do not even have the phones. The last group will make several attempts to pick their phones from pocket even when they were taken with their full knowledge. This is how much this category can be addicted to the small device (South 100/93).People have become so acclimatized to mobile phones that when they leave them behind they openly become frustrated. Walk into an testing room and hear how many phones go on and off when they are not even supposed to be there in the first place (Schlehofer et al. 1107-1112). Walk into an office and you will be rudely floor into how much people are buried on their cell phones. name homes and you will see how people are isolated by the cell phones. It is all about obsession with cell phones.ConclusionYes these devices are reliable, yes they are convenient and yes they simplify life. But too much of something is unhealthy. People have become too dependent on them to the extent that they can not do without them. It should indeed, be a great concern to everyone that these devices which were essentially made to enhance the quality of life and unite the world, could consequently destroy the very things they were supposed to construct. They have destroyed the community life, have destroyed relationships and have created problems that would have otherwise been avoided if they were not in use. In reality, people have seriously become too dependent on their cell phones. People cannot spend a day without them without showing negative physical and psychological symptoms. The reactions when people lose their phones perhaps tell it all. They will display patterns of frustrations, anxiousness, irritability, bitterness, insecurity, depression, restlessness, nervousness, loneliness, stressfulness, withdrawal and confusion. Others will be pissed off, while others will see no more meaning in their continued existence. But it is not just about the physical and psychological effects, dependency on the phone increases chances of getting brain cancer, behavioral problems and communication disabilities.

Case Study: Application Architecture

Case Study Application ArchitectureBrian JerozalFor any given organization, it is vitally important to always ensure that the paysheet department formation is seeed in such a way that overall potency in enhanced. Traditionally, paysheet outlines were not quite complicated since employees were more or less a couple of(prenominal) in way out. However, the modern-day paysheet systems have to take into consideration numerous scenes such as insurance cover, ho call allowances, bonuses, advance payments and the like. In step-up to this, the world has experienced tremendous innovations in terms of cutting-edge technical advancements these technological innovations have enabled organizations to streamline their payroll systems and thus enhance the standards of effectiveness. For this object lesson study, a comprehensive analysis of the payroll system of a star(p) Ameri bear firm will be through. Emphasis will be made upon the circumstantial type of computer architecture that s hould be used man establishing the bleak payroll system for the organization. The various technological platforms that shall be in bodiedd into the new payroll system will also be put down season also presenting a graphical illustration of the new model. In adjunct to this, a comprehensive analysis of possible issues of ethical lodge in with regard to the new payroll system shall also be conducted.Considering the incident that this organization has a wide area intercommunicate that interlinks the numerous offices in different parts of the unite States of America, it is of paramount grandeur that the new payroll application system be based on a full-blooded architectural framework. Such an architectural framework mustiness consider essential factors such as the avoidance of errors, synthesis of data contained in inventories, military rank of allowances, and integration of the prevailing range of income tax. Following is an analysis of the specific comp one and only(a) nts of the architecture for the new payroll system.As mentioned above, the payroll system of such a large organization should be based on a red-blooded framework that considers all-important factors. Firstly, the architectural framework must have the message to evaluate the fine inside information pertaining to the payment of employees. The number of hours of work done by individual employees should be included in the new architectural framework this is one of the most critical aspects of any kind of payroll system (Bragg, 2004). The hours vary from one employee to other and as such, this results into pay variations fifty-fifty among employees who are categorized in the same ponder group. Apart from the number of hours, another important variable that must be included in the architectural framework for the new payroll program is the prevailing rates of tax or revenue deductions. On an annual basis, the Federal politics of United States of America reviews the rates of income ta x in accordance with the specific budgetary projections. These rates must be taken into consideration while calculating the total pay of all employees and as such, the new architectural framework should have the same (Steinhoff, 2000).Another important variable that should be included in the design of the new payroll system is the diligence data the reputation of work done within an organization varies from one employee to another. This results into pay variations and as such, it must be included in the design of the new payroll system. The employee master file is another crucial aspect that must be taken into consideration while designing the new payroll system the master file provides all the fine details close the employee including pending bonuses, increments and other miscellaneous information. Apart from the employee details, the architectural system of the new payroll program shall also include the relevant platforms for reservation precise calculations. Some organizatio ns incur huge expenses e very(prenominal) now and because as a result of using payroll systems that are characterized by substandard levels of true statement. In aver to avoid such eventualities, the new payroll system should be carefully designed in such a way that high levels of accuracy are attained while performing calculations. Finally, the architectural design should also have the capacity to provide an updated payroll without any kind of delay this will go a very long way towards helping the organization avert unnecessary instances of time wastage (Bragg, 2004). As already mentioned in the introductory section of this paper, the extensive advancements in technology have made it possible to streamline the payroll systems in all kinds of organizations. In order to successfully implement the architectural system for the new payroll system as outlined above, it is of paramount importance to examine round of the most important technological components that shall be used. Firs tly, profit confederacy will serve as an important element from a technological point of view. This is because the organization has offices in different parts of the United States of America and as such, reliable connection is required (Steinhoff, 2000). Considering the expansive nature of United States landmass, it would be critically important to back-up the wide area network connection with high-speed fourth generation meshwork connectivity. In order to enhance the security of the data transfer from one office to another, peculiar internet protocol addresses must be used. All the IP addresses must be encrypted in accordance with the specifications provided by the main server in order to streamline communications while also enhancing the standards of security. Apart from internet connection, another important technological platform that must be incorporate into the architectural framework of the new payroll system of the organization is the use of quality software application s (Bragg, 2004). There are numerous payroll software applications available in the United States and global market however, this fact notwithstanding, some are characterized by fundamental flaws such as the lack of accuracy and susceptibility to cyber-crime. One of the most effective payroll software for corporate organizations is the Dynamics GP. Produced by Microsoft Corporation, this software has the capacity to streamline the payroll systems within the organization since it has high levels of accuracy and also saves time. TRAVERSE by exculpated Systems is another software application that might come in very handy for the payroll system of this organization since it is characterized by high levels of effectiveness (Boroughs, 2008).Despite the fact that the new architecture for the payroll application in this organization would be characterized by high levels of efficiency, it is critically important to speck the fact that there are several potential issues of ethical push that might characterize its implementation (Boroughs, 2008). For instance, the new application might collapse immensely towards the infringement of fundamental rights of the employees because of being too dependent on detail. The potential ethical issue put forward arise in the connection with the new architecture for example reduced jobs,if the high society uses the architecture regularity for the new payroll, then the employee might no longer be essential. Usually, the company has a department where it looks at the payroll of the employee, but with this system, most of the job will be done and handled by the computer. Fraud is another concern, the employee who knows about computer and networking can easily manipulate the information like ever-changing the time sheet. Hacking is one of the most common problems in todays world. No function how secure the company system is, there are people who can back the system company. Putting their information in the web can be hacked and the in formation can be used against them. In addition to this, the fact that the computer systems of the organization are connected with one another might result into the disclosure of the payroll details of employees to unwanted parties. ReferencesBoroughs, A., Hunter, I., Palmer, L. (2008). HR Transformation Technology Delivering Systems to Support the New HR Model. New York, NY Routledge.Bragg, S. M., Bragg, S. M. (2004a). Creating a paysheet System. In Accounting for Payroll A Comprehensive pull (pp. 3-15). John Wiley Sons, Inc.Bragg, S. M. (2004b). Setting Up the Payroll Department. In Accounting for Payroll A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 251-258). John Wiley Sons, Inc.Steinhoff, J. C. (2000). Human Resources and Payroll Systems Requirements (United States, authorities Accountability Office). Retrieved from www.gao.gov/special.pubs/ai002123.pdf

The Eurozone Crisis and EU Fiscal Governance Reform

The Euroz bingle Crisis and EU monetary brass section Reform flesh the Eurozone Crisis A Case of Limited Ambition epitome The eurozone crisis provided a wise opportunity for obtaining inter subject monetary desegregation at heart the European single currency know conductge base. This sphere applies a frame of reference epitome to the crisis discourse that emerged from in spite of appearance the European nubs (EU) inter governmental forums involved in pecuniary indemnity coordination. As wholesome as tangencying insurance constitution frames to two varied integrating scenarios for the scotch and monetary Union (electromagnetic unit), the broader influence of macro sparing ideology is similarly emphasised. It is erect that the chemical reaction to the intensification of the crisis in Europe was to give soma devices patroniseing intergovernmental monetary train. objet dart at that place were emergent international discourses over the longer term, t hese were reflective of a restrain see the light ambition. A key restricting factor here were the monarch butterflyty concerns and issues of moral fortuity circulating amongst fibericle invokes, which unneurotic extradite regardd that a supranational pecuniary insurance insurance form _or_ system of government is un probable to be obtained in Europe. Introduction This article considersthe response from at heart the intergovernmental forums to the eurozone crisisand the future prospects for monetary supranationalism in Europe to a greater extent broadly. When semi governmental scientists create turned their direction to the politics of the crisis,it has often figured as a case study to plump for the grand theoretical claims do by the new intergovernmentalism (Bickerton et al. 2015 2015a). This approach has tried to theorize a new paradoxin European integration in the post-Maastricht era atom give tongue tospursue more(prenominal)(prenominal) integration but s tubbornly resist supercharge supranationalism(Puetter 2012, 168). Certain institutional dynamics associated with the new intergovernmentalism net be embedto be at work in spite of appearance electromagnetic unit where, particularly since the approach of the crisis,there have been marked increases in intergovernmental policy coordinationinside the European Council and ECOFIN Council structures (Hodson 2011 Puetter2012). However, the approach is quench at an proterozoic stage of development and doubtfulempirical analysis of the semipolitical deliberations and policy milieu at bottomthese settings be still lacking. Further criticisms have been do. Inparticular, Schimmelfennig (2015, 724) points out that, They do nondistinguish intergovernmentalism and supranationalism by the integrationoutcomes (either substantive or in name of the aim or scope ofintegration). Thus, claims of an integration paradox taking outrank within electromagnetic unitspecific whollyy or across t he wider EU persist uncertain. This articlefocuses on the issue of EU monetary governance revitalize following theintensification of eurozone crisis. The probable spot of mentations as engines of policy alter within electromagnetic unit is a prospect taken sternly here (Dyson two hundred0). With this in mind, thediscursive institutionalisttheoretical manikin pro getd bySchmidt is employed (Schmidt 2008, 2010). This approach is intimately suited toconsidering the role of ideas and discourse interactions in bringing aboutchange in an EU institutional context (see Schmidt 2015). It is appliedthrough a physical body analysis of the better banters that emerged from withinthe key intergovernmental forums involved in guiding the crisis response(Goffman 1974). This article identifiesthe paramount policy frames (problems and solutions) organising the neatendebate, and cogitate them to two alternative repair paths for EU pecuniarygovernance intergovernmental and supranational. In doing so, this articleclarifies far more hairsplittingly the varied political and economic policyoptions for reforming emu governance, as well as precedingly to a lower place headyconcepts much(prenominal) as pecuniary nub and political union. As well as linkingindividual policy frames to different integration scenarios, the grave roleof macroeconomic ideology in guiding enclose preferences is to a fault emphasised. suppositional and Methodological Framework It could beassumed that the eurozone crisis would confirm neo rolealistbeliefs concerning the dynamics of theEuropean integrationprocess the weaknessesrevealed in the asymmetric single currency heavens create strong pressures for a functional spillover of supranationalcompetencies to the European aim (Rosamond 2005). However, whenpolitical scientists have turned their attention to the crisis, it has oftenbeen directed at the intensified intergovernmental policy coordination that hastaken channelise within the E uropean Council and ECOFIN Council (Hodson 2011 Puetter2012 Bickerton et al. 2015 2015a). While broader new intergovernmentalist claims of an integration paradox inEurope involving integration without supranationalism live undetermined (seeSchimmelfennig 2015), these findings do suggest that deep supranationalintegration may not be obtained in emu. Moreover, it has previously been foundthat a supranational reform ag halta was not internalised by the burster1.Together these findings are important as the semipermanent sustainability of thesingle currency area without significant go macrocosm taken towards a moredeeply integrated fiscal union has been questioned (De Grauwe 2013). Through a border analysis this article ordain seek to explore if the crisis response fromwithin the intergovernmental institutions was to push for supranationalismwithin EU monetary governance, or alternatively, a retaining of intergovernmentalcontrol at the EU aim. And, if the by and by course prev ails, it will seek tooffer a more stand in theoretical explanation of why member states continue toresist supranationalism, til now in the face of significant primevalisationpressures. Adeeper agreement of the political determinants of the electromagnetic unit policyenvironment will similarly care help a more complete explanation of why asupranational reform agenda was found not to have been internalised within DGECFIN.The overarching theoreticalframework informing this analysis is discursive institutionalism (Schmidt 20082010). Of particular relevancy here is the distinction made by discursiveinstitutionalism amidst coordinative discoursewhichtakes place internally within the EU policy do settingand communicative discoursewhich take place externally amongst EU policyactors and the ecumenical cosmos (Schmidt 2005). This study integrates discursiveinstitutionalism aboard a frame analysis. Framing has been criticised forits lack of consistency in exercise of theory and method, with m whatsoever another(prenominal)different variants being operationalised without adequate clarification (Cacciatore et al. 2016). Framing has alike been foundto share common processes with agenda-setting and priming, although formoffers a more encompassing conceptual approach (Aday 2006, 768). Here, asociological approach to framing is readed, which can be traced back to thework of Goffman (1974). A frame is tacit as a schemata of adaptation,which can shape actors apprehensions of significantity and, in turn, influence politicalbehaviour (Goffman 1974, 21). Inspired by Goffmans approach, Benford and bamboozle(2000) make an important distinction surrounded by prognostic and diagnosticframing the construction of particularproblem representations and possible solutions. This is valuable forfacilitating a deeper cause of the diagnosis of the causes of theeurozone crisis arrived at, as well as an exploration of the interlinkingreforms suggested to drub or at least deal with the problems posed by theeurozone crisis. Ideas within frames can be infrastood as fallring at different levels of evocation specific policy ideas purportate to problem and solutions (e.g. strengthened rules-based surveillance versus debt mutualisation) prescriptive ideas which attach value to political action (e.g. monetary arrest versus pecuniary solidarity) and finally these can be connected to programmatic ideas related to broader policy paradigms and ideologies (Schmidt 2005 2008). As a representation to locate the key framing ideas that are likely to figure in the institutional discourse on the eurozone crisis, a wider circumscribed review of the reform literature on EU fiscal governance will be movemented (see the section below, Literature Review). postpone (1) helps to link the different problem and solution policy frames that will be reveal as part of this discussion to two different integration scenarios for electromagnetic unit intergovernmental and supranational. As well as showing how ideas relate to different policy measures (problems and solutions) and normative arguments, the wider role of macroeconomic ideology in guiding framing preferences for EMU reform is also highlighted here. Following a framing analysis, the dominant frames uncovered will also be explored in relation to the wider inter bunk surrounded by ideas and institutions within EMU2.Two guiding macroeconomicideologies are important for understanding developments in European monetaryintegration neoliberalism and Keynesianism. Neoliberalism is a highly contested term, although from an ideological standpoint it favours food market based solutions and methods overgovernment intervention(Holden 2011). Incontrast, by chance the most important insight of Keynesianism is the recognition of the drive for rent management by the state bothin economic d avouchturns andbooms (Skidelsky 1992, 572-624). Keynesian theory,therefore, necessitys a far more active role for the state in managing the economythrough fiscal policy. Neoliberalideas have been found to have become deeply embedded within the EMU policyframework, including the prevalence of hard money and sound finance ideas imparting fiscal civilise (Dyson 2002). Thereis no prior reason why neoliberalism should be associated withintergovernmentalism and Keynesianism with supranationalism. However, when applied to eventstaking place during the eurozone crisis, a Keynesianism philosophy demands alevel of centralised fiscal solidarity amongst member states, which would implyedging towards a more supranational model of fiscal integration. On thecontrary, building on, rather than replacing, the perceptual constancy and increase Pact(SGP) arrangements for fiscal class would preserve the intergovernmentallogic of EMU governance, and is more aligned with neoliberal preferences. The focus here is on the framing activities that tookplace within the European Council and ECOFIN Council (shadowed by the informaleurogroup), al imagehese frames will also be located inthe context of the wider crisis discussions taking place within the EU missionary station and ECB settings. The analysis distinguishes between two distinct phases of the eurozonecrisis a crisis escalation and crisis normalisation phase. The crisisescalation phase can be traced back to the intensification of the globalfiscal crisis in the summertime of 2007. With attention focused on the frailtiesof the American fiscal sy free radical, the eurozone economy at first gear assumed asafe-haven status for umteen findators (Wyplosz 2009)althoughthere was some prescient warnings as to the multiple gambles the downturn couldpose to the institutions of the European single currency area (Feldstein 2008).In early 2010, following significant upwards revisions in the budget deficitfigures for Greece, there was a sudden erosionin market confidence in the Eurozone tip tolong-termgovernment bond yield unfolds increasing dra matically for the interference fringe memberstates (Checherita et al. 2010). Withthe risk of sovereign defaultand uncontrollablecontagioneffectsat its most serious, the chair of the European Council, Herman vanguardRompuy, swiftly put together a case for the supremacy of a European Council led travail military soak up in guiding a fast-track process for EMU reform. By the fall of 2012, market reactionstowards the eurozone had normalised significantly. Keyhere was the ECB fulfilling its function as a lender of last resort (De Grauwe2016, 126-141), which was aided by Mario Draghis bid at the end of July 2012 thatwithin our mandate, the ECB is ready todo whatever it takesto preserve the euro. In response to the calmingin market terminal figures, the attention of European leadershiphiphip switched to themeasures required to stabilise EMU over the longer term. Laying the insane asylums for these reform discussions were two strategic documents theDecember 2012 fib, prepared at t he request of the European Council by professorship Van Rompuy, conjointly with the Presidents of the European Commission,the ECB, and the Eurogroup, entitled Towards a accredited economic and financialUnion and the Commissions own A Blueprint for a Deep and Genuine economic and fiscal Union Launching a European argumentation, published in no(prenominal)ember 2012. grammatical construction on the previousdocuments, in June 2015, the President of the Commission, in closecooperation with the Presidents of the Council, the ECB, the Eurogroup and theEuropean Parliament, presented the supposed Five Presidents Report entitled finish Europes Economic and MonetaryUnion. prescribed documents andspeeches throughout these deliberation phases will be supplemented by aseries of semi-structured interviews that were conducted with senior EU actorisedslocated within the European Council, ECOFIN Council and DG ECFIN during themost important phases of the crisis. It is important to differen tiate betweenthe full internalisation of discourse within institutions and discourse that isdeployed in grandiloquence as a strategic political device (Hay 2006). Interview entropyis then useful for forming a comparison between communicative discourses to the general public and the internal coordinativediscourses of policy construction taking place among policy actors (Schmidt2008). Literature Review The escalation ofthe Eurozone crisis in 2010 fixed attention on the design failures of theeurozone and the practicalities of having a monetary union without theaccompanying integration of the fiscal side (De Grauwe 2013). Since 2010, mostof the reform projects suggested to complete the architecture of EMU havecentred on the prospect of implementing two neo-Keynesian fiscal solidaritymechanisms 1) centralised fiscal capacitor (or federal budget) for stabilization purposes 2) and the introduction of debt mutualisation schemes.A constitution Contribution for Bruegel exposit the four principal(prenominal) options for developinga fiscal condenser for the eurozone with stabilisation functions 1)unemployment insurance 2) payments related to deviations of output frompotential 3) the narrowing of large spreads 4) and arbitrary spending(Wolf 2012). Suggestions for debt mutualisation include the so called EuropeanSafe Bonds (Euro-nomics group 2011) and buyback bonds (Bofinger et al. 2011). In view of the salientfeatures of fiscal policy, it is understood as exigent that progress towardsa more supranational fiscal union is come with by deeper politicalintegration to guarantee the elective legitimacy of EMU governance (Schmidt,2015). Despite callsbeing made for EMU to be accurate through a process of supranational fiscalintegration, there is an on the whole different integration route that would main(prenominal)tain the intergovernmental logic of fiscal arrangements in Europe.Neoliberal monetarist principles are pervasive here, with discussions of fiscalsolidar ity being disregarded in favour of a control fiscal see to it agenda(von Hagen et al. 2009 2011). The main concern under this integration scenariois with heightened budgetary surveillance and enforcement mechanisms, which couldbe secured under the preventative and corrective arms of the exist SGPframework. The fundamentally decentralised acknowledgment of EU fiscal governancewould also be preserved. In the literature, hold in for such a circumscribed reformagenda is often back up by a belief that theeurozone crisis was primarily the result of excessivefiscal dissolvinginthe periphery member states (Sinn 2010). Of course, the distinct lack ofpolitical integration see here would mean that channels of electivelegitimacy would await largely indirect via member state governments. Through thisdiscussion of the literature, two reform scenarios for EMU have beenidentified intergovernmental and supranational. These two models can beunderstood as being supported by a selection of d ifferent policyframes,implying different definitions of what theproblem is and different ideas of what the commensurate policy solutionsmay be (see Table 1). First, the intergovernmental reform scenario is direct by a simplistic fiscal profligacy diagnosis of the eurozone crisis. Suchan interpretation of the crisis strongly implies neoliberal policy solutions inthe form of strengthened rules-based fiscal discip word of mouth. Framing the crisis inthese more limited terms may also be both politically and intellectuallyattractive. This is because these frames do not demand challenging integrationsteps being taken towards a deeper level of fiscaland political union. Alternatively, the more far cave ining supranational reform scenario is informed by a broader interpretationof the crisis problem as a problem of regional imbalances. In turn, possiblesolutions are understood as release far beyond neoliberal fiscal discipline inthe direction of the implementation of neo-Keynesian solidar ity measures, including debtmutualisation and an enlarged EU budget. The take in to ensure the democratic legitimacy for finalitys taken at the Unionlevel is also problematized under this integration scenario, lead to demandsfor the simultaneous development of a flanking political union. Table 1 Framing the Eurozone Crisis Building on name deletedfor couple review Framing the Eurozone Crisis Crisis Escalation point Following the intensificationof the global financial crisis in July 2007, the eurozone was at firstconsidered by some to be a safe haven (Wyplosz 2009). With the full implications of the compound global financial crisis forthe eurozone not yet apparent, the crisis problem was initially frameby European leaders as one created externally by the financial excesses built-upwithin the Anglo-Saxon economies. As one DG ECFIN ex officio observed, Governmentsbelieved the crisis to have originated primarily in poor regulatory practicesin sensitive York and Londonand Europe w as being pulled into the crisis throughthe global financial system (secretariat Official in DG ECFIN 2 2013). Asimilar sentiment was also reflected in more communicative discourse asEuropean leaders attempted to externalise the crisis. The German Chancellor,Angela Merkel, was uncompromising in asserting to begin with the German Bundestag thatexcessively cheap money in the US was a driver of todays crises ( pecuniary propagation 2008). Moreover, French President, Nicolas Sarkozy, proclaimed in similarterms that the crisis was a product of the Anglo-Saxon model (Financial propagation2009). Despite Europeanleaders framing the 2008 financial collapse as an almost exclusivelyAnglo-Saxon phenomenon with epicentres in New York and London, Europeanleaders, led by Nicolas Sarkozy as the then acting president of the Council,did push for a strong unified European response alongside the G20 and Americaneconomies (Hodson 2011). In this early period, the framing of solutions to thecrisis in Eu rope, overlapping with the international response and IMFrecommendations, was guided heavily by Keynesian principles as leaders soughtto forestall financial contagion and recessionary spillovers into the real economythrough coordinated fiscal expansion. In Europe, this translated into anattempt to combine both national and EU resources to support demand and dampen economies from the worst effects of the financial meltdown (SecretariatOfficial in DG ECFIN 1 2013). In November 2008, after an howling(prenominal) summitof the euro area Heads of Government led by NicolasSarkozy, the Commission proposed a Keynesian EuropeanEconomic Recovery plan (ECRP), which championed a real(a) coordinatedfiscal stimulus The Commission isproposing that, as a affaire of urgency, Member press outs and the EU agree to an immediatebudgetary impulse amounting to 200 billion (1.5% of GDP)(Commission2008). Importantly though,a key principal underpinning the plan was that any budgetary stimulus should be timely, targeted, and temporaryandthat Member States should commit to remove the budgetary deterioration andreturn to the aims set out in the SGPs culture medium term objectives (Commission2008, 6-7). As Joaqun Almunia,Vice Presidentof the European Commission, commentedat the time we have red lines,we cannotputan excessiveburdenonthe next generation (Commission 2008a, 6).Similarly, the conclusions of the ECOFIN Council continued to support thelong-term application of the SGP we remain fully committed tosound and sustainable public finances. The Stability and Growth Pact providesadequate flexibility to deal with these exceptional situations (Council 2009).Thus, while European leaders led by NicolasSarkozy, along with the broader internationalcommunity, embraced more Keynesian orientated fiscal stimulus in order to counterthe evaluate downward trend in demand presented by the intensification of theglobal financial crisis, the long-term European commitment to the neoliberalrules-bas ed SGP framework remained relatively horse barn during this early crisisperiod. In the Spring of 2010 Grecian public debt wasdowngraded by the main credit rating agencies to junk status and a growingspread in yields emerged in Eurozone sovereign bonds (Checherita et al. 2010). Recalling these events later, PresidentVan Rompuy noted that this sudden loss of confidence in the Eurozone provokedby Greece was a real shock for which we were not prepared (Council 2014). Asone official in DG ECFIN remarked It was now internal a crisis of theEurozone (Secretariat Official in DG ECFIN 2 2013). As the crisis intensifiedwithin the eurozone it was reframed by European leaders as a problem of fiscalprofligacy amongst the periphery member states. On 11 February 2010, in a shortemergency bidding issued by Heads of State, they remarked that all euromembers must conduct sound national policies in accordance with the agreedrules (Council 2010). The discussion was also centred on Greece, with theGree k government being told to implement all these measures in a rigorous anddetermined manner to effectively reduce the budgetary deficit by 4% in 2010(Council 2010). From a reading of the coordinative discourse, it was nowGermany that was seen to be providing notional leadership for framing thecrisis in behavioural terms on Greek fiscal profligacy. As the largest eurozone country ofcourse Germanys voice was perhaps louder than the rest. I think it is fair tosay that there was a perception in Germany that the troubles in the sovereigndebt market had been caused by excessive government spending by certainperiphery member states. (Council Directorate for Economic polity Official2013). The Commissionalso concurred with these views. In fact, the EU administrator took theunprecedented step of issuing a series of strict recommendations to ensurethat the budget deficit of Greece was brought below 3% of GDP by 2012(Commission 2010a). Joaqun Almunia,Vice Presidentof the European Commission, commentedthat this is the first time wehave effected such an intense and quasi-permanent system of monitoring(Commission 2010a). In response to theescalating crisis in the eurozone, President Van Rompuy argued the case inMarch 2010 for the pre-eminence of a European Council led Task lastingness in drivingreform negotiations on EMU governance. The framing of policy solutions withinthe framework of the Task Force setting was guided more by a neoliberalideology towards the imposition of strengthened intergovernmental fiscaldiscipline. In the first statement issued by the Task Force on the 25 March2010, the shift in policy responses by European leaders was already firmly establish the current situation demonstrates the need to strengthen andcomplement the active framework to ensure fiscal sustainability in the eurozone (European Council 2010b). Moreover, the final conclusions of the March 2010European Council summit further instructed the Task Force to identify the measures neededtor eachtheobjectiveof an improved crisis resolutionframework andbetter budgetary disciplineexploringall options to honour the existing heavy framework (European Council2010a). Again, in the coordinativediscourse, officials pull attention to the renewed notional leadership competeby Germany in framing policy solutions for the crisis You have to understand that forGermany in particular the idea of having enforceable rules and sanctions tomaintain budgetary discipline is central to their vision of how EMU shouldoperate. And during the crisis it was Germany that pressed the hardest forheighted budgetary surveillance (Member of the cabinet for the European CouncilPresident, 2014). A set out officialcommented on what they perceived as the inevitably of Germanys principal role insetting the reform priorities within the task force But of course Germanytakes a leading role here in view of its economic size. So Germanyautomatically was seen to take on a leading role, whether it fateed it or not(Council Directorate for Economic indemnity Official 2013). In contrast, FrenchPresident, Nicolas Sarkozy led continued pleas for more fiscal solidarity Theeuro is our currency. It implies solidarity. There can be no doubt on the typeface of this solidarity (BBC 2010). However, while it has been observedthat France under the stewardship ofSarkozy also had a role to play here, it has been noted that he, in effect,was forced to concede too many of Germanys demands during the crisisdeliberations (Council Directorate for Economic constitution Official 2013). Thus,while Nicolas Sarkozy played an important role in leading a more Keynesian internationalresponse at the onset of the global financial crisis, as the crisis intensifiedwithin the eurozone the French President was forced to cast out solutionsinvolving fiscal solidarity in favour of Germanys more limited fiscaldiscipline objectives. These framingpriorities were reflected in the Final Report of the Task Force released to thepublic in October 2010. The main pillar of the suggested reforms was gearedtowards greater fiscal discipline through a stronger stability and growthpact (European Council 2010, 3-4). Aspart of its ongoing institutional dialogue with the Task Force, the ECB alsooffered its public support for legislative measures supporting a more rigorousquasi-automatic implementationof the SGP rules (ECB 2010). third key objectives were embedded in theFinal Report of the Task Force the need for a greater focus on debt andfiscal sustainability, to reinforce compliance and to ensure that nationalfiscal frameworks reflect the EUs fiscal rules (European Council 2010, 1-12).In remarks following the final meeting of the Task Force, President Van Rompuy enter that the task forces commitment to a stronger Pact was high fromthe beginning to the end (European Council 2010c). Converging with the framingactivities of the Task Force, inSeptember 2010 the Commission proposed the so-called six pack of legislat ive proposalscentred on the concept of prudent fiscal political (Commission 2010, 1). Thesefast-tracked proposals sought to strengthen the impact and effectiveness ofthe preventative arm of the SGP by giving it teeth (EU Commission 2010, 4-5).These early framing activities led by deliberations within the Task Force also helpedset the subsequent policy agenda in the form of a legislative two-pack(proposed in November 2011) and intergovernmental fiscal compact (agreed 8-9December 2011). Building on the legislative six-pack, both measures werelimited to strengthening intergovernmental fiscal discipline under the SGP,through strengthened budgetary surveillance and reinforced compliance (see Commission2012). Crisis Normalisation Phase From the summer of 2012to the winter of 2013 there was a gradual reduction in the eurozone peripherybond yield spreads. Key here was the ECB fulfilling itsfunction as a lender of last resort (De Grauwe 2013 2016). With the ECB ableto temporarily normalise market reactions within the eurozone, it offered theprospect that European leaders may seek to reframe the crisis as demanding moresupranational solutions. This assumption appeared to be confirmed whenPresident Herman Van Rompuy, following a European Council summit at the end ofJune 2012, first celebrateed the prospect of laying down a longer-term visionfor strengthening EMU (European Council 2012c). Following prior negotiations in the European Council, PresidentVan Rompuy, jointly with the Presidents of the European Commission, the ECB,and the Eurogroup, presented in December 2012 a compensate entitled Towards aGenuine Economic and Monetary Union.However, despite the accident of a detailed juncture event, the framing of policysolutions within the report continued to rate the strengthening ofintergovernmental fiscal discipline over the short-term. Thenear term anteriority is to complete and implement the new steps for strongereconomic governanceThe other elements related to st rengthening fiscalgovernance in the euro area (Two-Pack), which are still in the legislativeprocess, should be finalised urgently and be implemented exhaustively (EuropeanCouncil 2012, 8).These reformpriorities were also reflected in the coordinative discourse The priority hasremained the implementation of the measures contained in the six-pack and two-packproposals (Council Directorate for Economic insurance policy Official 2013). And again,Germanys ideational leadership in framing policy solutions was observed to bepivotal here There is an understanding amongst member states that budgetdiscipline has to be ensured before more financial support can be offered. Thisis also a German insistence (Council Directorate for Economic Policy Official,2013). Moreover, while the ECB internally called for a quantum leap inintegration within EMU, this was strictly interpreted in terms of furtherstrengthening the budgetary discipline of the euro area Member States (ECB20128). When discussingthe reform solutions for implementation over the long-term (five age andmore), there was a shift in the discourse of the Towards a Genuine Economicand Monetary Union report towards the language of supranationalism.However, these framing devices were only reflective of a limited reformambition. For example, the report mentions the possibility of graduallydeveloping a fiscal mental object, which could help cushion the impact ofcountry-specific shocks and prevent contagion across the euro area (EuropeanCouncil 2012, 9). Yet the precise form that any fiscal capacity should takewithin the euro area was left vague, with the report acknowledging that theexact conditions and thresholds for the activation of transfers would need tobe study carefully (European Council 2012, 11). Moreover, it was alsoemphasised that the development of a fiscal capacity within the eurozone should not lead topermanent transfersbetween countries and that thisprocess should occur without resorting to the mutualisa tion ofsovereign debt (European Council 2012, 10-12). Tellingly, within thesubsequent Conclusions of the December 2012 European Council, any mention of afiscal capacity or shock absorption function for EMU was omitted, along withplans for debt-mutualisation (European Council 2012a). In thecoordinative discourse, officials were able to account for the limited ambitionshown in framing supranational solutions to the eurozone crisis by pointingtowards a confection of reign concerns and issues of moral infer amongstmember states. For example, one official highlighted the constraining influenceof these national interest ideas on integration within EMU A degree of debt mutualisation or financial risk sharing could, intheory, help lower borrowing costs amongst the periphery member states and helpward off pressure from the financial markets butit effectively means the transfer of sovereignty, at least to some extent. Thatis the biggest obstacle that is what it is all about. In the end it c omes downto sovereignty and money (Council Directorate for Economic PolicyOfficial 2013).Similar ideas wereraised by one official who, when asked to comment on the probability ofsecuring supranational fiscal integration, answered candidly I think it is not very probable because of statesovereignty concerns ( consultant to the Cabinet of the European Council President2014). The official argued that this is because a fiscal union with tax powersgoingto the European Union level would be completely turning upside down the way theUnion is currently running (Advisor tothe Cabinet of the European Council President 2014).A separate official also drew attention to the importance of concerns of moralhazard, predominantly amongst the core member states who want to be able toinfluence the periphery member states debt situation (Member of the Cabinet for the European CouncilPresident 2014). There were also discussions in the Towards a Genuine Economic andMonetary Union report concerning the dev elopment of aflanking political union aspect, although again the supranational framing ofthe discourse was lacking in ambition. Inorder to underpin the democratic legitimacy and answerability of decisionmaking the report called for the the involvement of the European Parliament asregards accountability for decisions taken at the European level, while at the kindred time maintaining the pivotal role of national parliaments, asappropriate (European Council 2012, 16-17). The telephone to maintain apivotal role for national parliaments, even in the event of a verticaltransfer of powers to the European level, would appear to stem from anobservation made in the report that decisions on national budgets are at theheart of Member States parliamentary democracies (European Council 2012, 16).The report, then, explicitly divorced itself from supranational politicalsolutions. In the coordinative discourse, sovereignty concerns were againraised as major hurdle to political integration People ha ve different interests and different concepts of what apolitical union would be and as to what sovereign powers should be transferredaddingthat we are not even discussing this (Council Directorate for EconomicPolicy Official 2013).In November 2012 the Commission published its own Communicationoutlining A blueprint for a deep and bona fide economic and monetaryunion Launching a European Debate. Converging with the Van Rompuy report, theimmediate framing of policy solutions was restricted to fiscal disciplineobjectives immediate priority should be given tothe full deployment of the new economic governance tools brought by the six-packas well as rapid adoption of current Commission proposals such as the two-pack(Commission 2012, 12). Once again, like the Van Rompuy report, theblueprint did guardedly embed more supranational frames when addressing thelong-term reform agenda for EMU (five years and more). This is in keepingwith the EU Commissions pact that steps towards more responsib ility andeconomic discipline should be feature with more solidarity and financialsupport (EU Commission 2012, 11). Accordingly, the framing of solutionsshifted to demand more in the way of fiscal solidarity, with tentative ideasfor a fiscal capacity (or federal budget) and even debt mutualisationschemes being aired as possibilities tosupport member states in the absorption of economic shocks (Commission 2012,25-26). However, these solidarity mechanisms were envisioned as being implementedstrictly after the new arrangements for fiscal discipline have been fullyimplemented. Also, the procedural details and legal basis for the solidaritymechanisms was left vague, with proposal covering options from contractualarrangements to an insurance type system. As one official commented Ithink there needs to be some ingredients of fiscal union. Its not entirelyclear which ones and to what extent there are different views and these aretricky questions ( elderberry bush Fiscal Policy Advisor in DG ECFIN 2013).Moreover, the blueprint also shied away from committing itself to any processof supranational political integration, with the EU Commission arguing that thethe Lisbon Treaty has meliorate the EUs unique model of supranationaldemocracy (Commission 2012, 35). In June 2015, thePresident of the Commission, in close cooperation with the Presidents of theCouncil, the ECB, the Eurogroup and the European Parliament, presented theso-called Five Presidents Report entitled Completing Europes Economic and Monetary Union. It is notable thatin the updated report the framing of policy solutions for fiscal integrationwas even less thought-provoking than it had been in earlier institutional reportsdrafted during earlier periods of the crisis. Apart from repeating theneed to improve compliance with the new rules contained in the six-pack,two-pack and Treaty on Stability, Coordination and brass, there were noinstitutional innovations suggested for implementation over the short-term.Ins tead, intergovernmental fiscal discipline was again framed as thepriority solutionwith repeatedreferences made to responsible budgetary policies (Commission 2015, 14). Thereport also warned that every Member State must stick to the rules, or thecredibility of this framework is at risk (Commission 2015, 14-15).In terms of the framing of solutions over the longer-term(five years or more), previous references to a fiscal capacity and limitedforms of debt mutualisation were completely omitted. Instead, the FivePresidents tentatively floated the idea of a euro area-wide fiscalstabilisation function (Commission 2015, 14-15). Postponed strictly for inthe longer term, the development of such afunction is envisioned as the culmination of a process of convergenceand further pooling of decision-making on national budgets (Commission 2015,14-155). The report also cautioned thatit should not lead to permanent transfers between countries and that effortsshould be made to guarantee it is consonan t with the existing EU fiscal framework(Commission 2015, 15). Tellingly the report was also explicit that the exact design of sucheuro area stabilisers requires more in-depth work (Commission 2015, 14). Aspart of the Commission Presidents 2015 State of the Union address, he arguedfor a more effective and democratic system of economic and fiscalsurveillance (Commission 2015a). However, there was again a noticeable lack ofprogress on political union. While the report affirmed a key rolefor the European Parliament and national Parliaments, practical steps toensure the democratic legitimacy of decision making were limited to proposalsto consolidate the external representation of the euro and the integrationintergovernmental solutions (i.e. Treaty on Stability, Coordination andGovernance) within the EU legal framework (Commission 2015, 17-18).Framing in mount Thedominant framing activities uncovered need to be understood in the context ofthe wider EMU policy environment. One of the keyf oundations of EMU was the ideational consensus reached in Europe on neoliberaleconomic principles in the 1980s (McNamara 1998). However, while theredeveloped a relative consensus that monetary policy would function inaccordance with neoliberal principles, very little thought was given during thedeliberations at Maastricht on the 1992 Treatyon European Union (TEU) as to the possibility of accompanying theseintegration steps with progress towards a supranational fiscal union. As Verduncommented Fiscal policy harmonizationwas just simply one step too far there was no support for a transfer ofsovereignty over these matters to the European level (Verdun 1998, 122). Froman early stage, therefore, political necessity dictated that fiscal policywould remain firmly in the intergovernmental realm. Yet from the perspective ofunderpinning EMU with an institutional framework that is in keeping withneoliberal ideas of sound money and sound finance (Dyson 2002), Europeaneconomic and monetary inte gration was not completed at Maastricht. It was against this backdrop that the then German Ministerfor finance, Theo Waigel, advanced a proposal for a rules-based Stability Pactfor Europe in 1996. In summary, owning to the political constraints preventingfiscal supranationalism, coupled with the importation of neoliberal ideas,intergovernmental fiscal discipline became institutionalised at heart of EMUearly on. Sinceits formation, the course of EU fiscal governance reform has been characterisedby a strong path-dependency (Pierson 1996). In fact, in view of thepath-dependent constraints of the political environment, on top of theprevailing neoliberal ideational consensus, the rules-based framework for EUfiscal governance was never seriously challenged by European leaders throughoutthe first ten years of the single currency area (see Heipertz and Verdun 2011. While the onset of the eurozone crisis had thepotential to represent a critical juncture in the path for EMU integration(Bulmer 1994), the revival of concerns amongst member states over sovereigntyand moral hazard have continued to render the intergovernmental structure ofEMU a political necessity. However, although the minimal structure of EMUremains a manifestation of different conceptions of national interest, theprevailing neoliberal ideology has simultaneously continued to conditionperceptions as to the efficacy of the SGP rules-based framework for fiscaldiscipline.Thus,while French President Nicolas Sarkozy, in tandem with the internationalcommunity, was seen to be influential in leading a brief resurgence of more Keynesian oriented demandstimulus during the early stages of the crisis, European leaders defended thecontinued application of the SGP as the overarching framework for EU fiscalgovernance. The dramatic shift in early 2010 from Anglo-Saxon externalexcesses to the internal vulnerabilities within the eurozone only exaggeratedthe path-dependent effect of competing national interests amongst memb er stateswhile reinforcing the reversion to neoliberal solutions. First, policy makers were responding with a degree of shockand panic to a crisis of potentially existential proportions (as termed by aMember of the Cabinet for the European Council President, 2014). Operating inthis environment of crisis, diagnosing the crisis in behavioural terms asresulting from fiscal profligacy and offering intergovernmental reformsolutions limited to strengthening the SGP would have been both intellectuallyand politically attractive. Not only were thesepolicy frames fully in line with theneoliberal logic of soundmoneyandfinance enshrined since Maastricht (Dyson 2002), but they could also be implementedvia secondary legislation under the current legal basis provided by the SGPframework. Moreover, buttressed by its economic burthen and its coarsestructural power within the EMU set-up, Germany was also increasingly in astrong position to provide ideational leadership in framing neoliberalsolution s to the crisis. This can be contrasted with France who, as the crisisprogressed, was forced to abandon more Keynesian solutions in favour ofGermanys more limited fiscal discipline objectives. Conclusion The intensificationof the crisis within the eurozone brought with it a marked intensification ofintergovernmental policy coordination within EMU. As the crisis progressed, theresponse by European leaders was to adopt problem and solution framessupporting intergovernmental fiscal discipline. Importantly, these frames wereintellectually attractive as they were fully consistent with the neoliberalfoundations underpinning EMU governance. Also, these frames were politicallysimple to evince as they could be implemented in full under the pre-existing SGPlegal framework. While there was a partial shift in the discourse towardssupranationalism following the normalisation of the crisis, these discourseswere always reflective of a limited reform ambition. In this context, a supranationalframi ng of the crisis was found to be limited by constraining ideas of nationalinterest concerning state sovereignty and issues moral hazard. Germany was alsoable to draw on its economic weight and bargaining power to provide ideationalleadership, further directing the reform agenda towards intergovernmental fiscaldiscipline. In relation to thewider literature, these findings are broadly consistent with new intergovernmentalist claims thatsupranationalism is unlikely to be obtained in the post Maastricht integrationphase. This study though has helped develop a deeper politicalunderstanding of the current integration impasse in EU fiscal governance, andof the ideational and institutional path-dependencies on the job(p) to limit thescope for far reaching reform. 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European government bond spreads in the current crisis. CEPR Policy Paper, 21 December. von Hagen,J., Schuknecht, S. and Wolswijk,G.2011. Government bondrisk premiums in the EU revisited The impact of the financial crisis. EuropeanJournal of Political Economy 27 (1) 36-43.Worlf, G.B. 2012. A budget for Europes Monetary Union. BruegelPolicy Contribution, Issue 12/22.Wyplosz, C .2009. The Euros Finest instant? IMF Opinion,June 09. CitedPersonal Interviews Councilof the European Union Council Directoratefor Economic Policy Official. 2013. Interviewed by the causality (Brus sels, 27thSeptember). aged(a) official inthe unit for economic policyCouncilDirectorate for Economic Policy Official 1. 2013. Interviewed by the author(Brussels, 28th September).Official in the unitfor economic PolicyAdvisor to theCabinet of the European Council President. 2014. Interviewed by the author(Brussels, 4th April).Senior consultant tothe PresidentMember of theCabinet for the European Council President. 2014. Interviewed by the author(Brussels, second April).Senior advisor tothe President on economic and euro area issuesEUCommissionSecretariatOfficial in DG ECFIN 1. 2013. Interviewed by the author (Brussels, 26thSeptember).Part of theCommission provided SecretariatSecretariatOfficial in DG ECFIN 2. 2013. Interviewed by the author (Brussels, 25thSeptember).Part of theCommission provided Secretariat Official in DGECFIN (2013) Interviewed by the author (Brussels, 25th September). Fiscal policyofficialPolicy Advisor inDG ECFIN (2013) Interviewed by the author (Brussels, 24thS eptember).Adviser on policycoordination and strategic planning Senior FiscalPolicy Advisor in DG ECFIN (2013) Interviewed by the author (Brussels, 23rdSeptember).Senior fiscalpolicy advisor SeniorDirector in DG ECFIN (2013) Interviewed by the author (Brussels,26th September).Senior official incharge of coordination work in DG ECFIN 1 name deleted for peer review. 2 Informed by the wider new institutionalism literature, this broader theoretical exploration charts the ideationalas wellinstitutional path dependences working to limit the scope for reform within EMU (Bulmer 1994 Pierson 1996 Hay, 2006).

How People Interact With Search Engines

How People Interact With bet EnginesA see locomotive is a clear-based tool that enables purposers to fold t separatelying on the globe Wide Web. Popular examples of anticipate locomotive engines ar Google, Yahoo, and MSN Search. Search engines hold automated software applications (referred to as robots, bots, or spiders) that travel along the Web, avocation links from page to page, direct to site. The schooling gathered by the spiders is use to create a anticipateable index of the Web.When mess use the term inquisition engine in relation to the Web, they are usually referring to the actual lookup forms that look toes through informationbases of hypertext mark-up language documents, initially gathered by a robot. at that place are basically three types of pursuit engines Those that are powered by robots (called crawlers ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions and those that are a hybrid of the two.HOW DO attempt ENGINES WORK?Every sea rch engine uses unlike complex mathematical formulas to generate search results. The results for a particularised head are then displayed on the SERP. Search engine algorithmic rules ask the key elements of a web page, including the page title, content and keyword density, and come up with a ranking for where to place the results on the pages.Each search engines algorithm is unique, so a top ranking on Yahoo does non only a short period before the search engines developers bring ab out(p)(predicate) wise to the tactics and change their algorithm. More likely, sites using these tricks allow for be labeled as spam by the search engines and their rankings will plummet. verve mean nonhing to search engines, but the actual text on your pages does. It is prickerbreaking to build a Flash site that is as neighborly to search engines as a result, Flash sites will tend not to rank as high as sites developed with well coded HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets a complex mechanism for adding styles to website pages above and beyond veritable(a) HTML). If the terms you want to be found by do not appear in the text of your website, it will be very difficult for your website to yield high placement in the SERPs.Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the sites meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to get toing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler go acrosss all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine.Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is lay into the index.In both case s, when you query a search engine to locate information, youre actually searching through the index that the search engine has created -you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is serene and stored and subsequently searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search guarantee a prominent ranking on Google, and vice versa. To make things to a greater extent complicated, the algorithms used by search engines are not only closely guarded secrets, they are also endlessly under divergence modification and revision. This means that the criteria to outmatch optimize a site with essential be surmised through observation, as well as trial and break and not just once, but continuously.Gimmicks less reputable SEO firms tout as the answer to better site rankings may work at best forengine, such as Yahoo or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index hasnt been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no long-life is. It will remain that way until the index is updated.So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. tho much of import, not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the relevancy of the information in the index to what the drug user is searching for.One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of key row on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more pertinent. exclusively search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its flak to discourage what is known keyword stuf fing, or spamdexing.Another common element that algorithms discerp is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that page is considered important and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking.SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATIONSearch engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a webpage in a search engines natural or un-paid (organic) search engine results In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engines u sers. SEO may target different sortings of search, including chain search, local search video search, academic search news search and industry-specific vertical search engines engines.As an internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve modify its content ,HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to finish barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of back links or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH SEARCH ENGINESWe like to say Build for users, not search engines. When users have a bad discover at your site, when they cant accomplish a caper or find what they were looking for, this often correlates with poor search engine performance. On the other hand, w hen users are happy with your website, a positive experience is created, both with the search engine and the site providing the information or result.What are users looking for? There are three types of search queries users generally performDo Transactional Queries Action queries such as buy a skitter ticket or listen to a song.Know Informational Queries When a user seeks information, such as the name of the band or the best eating place in New York City.Go Navigation Queries Search queries that seek a particular online destination, such as Facebook or the homepage of the NFL.When visitors type a query into a search box and land on your site, will they be satisfied with what they find? This is the primary question search engines try to common fig tree out millions of times per day. The search engines primary responsibility is to serve relevant results to their users.It all starts with the words typed into a small box.KEYWORD RESEARCHIt all begins with words typed into a search box.Keyword research is one of the most important, valuable, and high return activities in the search marketing field. Ranking for the right keywords can make or break your website. Through the detective work of puzzling out your markets keyword demand, you not only learn which terms and phrases to target with SEO, but also learn more about your customers as a whole.Its not ever about getting visitors to your site, but about getting the right kind of visitors. The usefulness of this intelligence cannot be overstated with keyword research you can divine shifts in demand, respond to changing market conditions, and produce the products, services, and content that web searchers are already actively seeking. In the history of marketing, there has never been such a low barrier to entry in apprehensiveness the motivations of consumers in virtually every niche.

A View Of Hindi Cinema Film Studies Essay

A public opinion Of Hindoo flick Film Studies Essay Hindoo movie house refers to the fecund Hindi language hire industry that operates mainly from Bombay, India. Characterised by music, melodrama, jump r discoverines and extravagant production values, it is both a source of aggravation and venerate for its patrons. With animated audiences and box office success stories from all(a) over the side speaking world, the escapist pleasure of Hindi Cinema has become a spectacle to reckon with. However, Hindi cinema seems to fall into a self generate rut ever so often. And similar to it, the blast journalism in India tends to lie in a pathetic condition. With the media that thrives more on confab and paparazzi culture, objective and analytic film journalism is some burng that is seen very sparsely in India. In this regard, the author Anil Saari and his posthumously published daybook, Hindi Cinema An Insiders View, stand out. The poet, theatre artist and journalist, Anil Saari , was Hindi cinemas some enthusiastic patron more than 3 decades ago. The book which is a compilation of his endeavors from the 70s to 2005(the socio-economic class he died), screwing be seen as a tribute to matchless of Hindi Cinemas most enthusiastic advocate. The introduction by filmmaker and critic Partha Chatterjee enumerates Anil Saaris panache for identifying social-cultural trends within Hindi cinema. The 36 individual essays de spelld been divided in into quatern different partitions calld The Aesthetic Foundations of the Hindi Formula Film, Themes and Variations of Indian Cinema, Perspectives on Indian Cinema and The Makers of Popular Cinema.A personal favourite is the essay titled, What went wrong with Bhansalis Devdas?. Apart from being an super well written piece, the lucid arguments back the valid check of the movie. Without skeptical Sanjay Leela Bhansalis prerogative of a brilliant director, Saari argues that Bhansalis rendition of Sarat Chandras Devdas is an anxious attempt to influence poetry on film. Saari says that Bhansalis crusade to create poetry on movie theater resulted in the movie where every single moment in the film is a outstanding(p) emotion of high emotion, grand gestures, extraordinary feelings. Saari states that Bhansalis effort to convert every single second of the movie into a not bad(p) moment resulted in the bland nature of the film. Saari likewise questions the need for the astronomical scale exorbitance of the film. It is once against the backdrop of the simple, everydayness of human behavior that a great film sets its dramatic surprises, narrative twists, and its heart wrenching moments. With that said, Saaris again expresses the need for a simpler and realistic portrayal of the real world in cinema. With this essay, one can observe Saaris genuine perceptiveness to the aesthetics and intricacies of film making.The other two note worthy essays The Dynamics of Tradition and contemporaneousness in H indi Cinema and The Compelling orbit of Hindi Films, converging immensely in terms of the arguments put forward. In The Compelling World of Hindi Films, Saari speaks of how Hindi Cinema is productive in escaping the realities of poverty and the tiresomeness of routine life. Unintentionally it affirms to status quo of the politically powerful and richer classes. His arguments ar loosely echoed during the times of post-independence, where Saari dumb the power of cinema as a rooster in building an emerging economy. His arguments draw inspiration from the success of Bertolt Brechts plays in Europe. Perhaps, Saari hoped that Hindi cinema would produce its own version of Brecht, whose awareness of lifes struggles and politics would permeate through to the masses. Similar arguments are put forward in the essay, The Dynamics of Tradition and Modernity in Hindi Cinema. Saaris reiterates the need for the entertainment and socio-economic realities to compliment each other. In the essay he talks near how, The Indian psyche lies in the shadow of a long, callous annals of economic disparities a psyche that tries to preserve itself and its shell of bones from the distressing sea of poverty that exists all around it. The dividing line is so thin and fragile that consciousness can only lead each man to conceive of himself as an oasis in the desert. Upon deliberation, the reason for Saaris strong berth on cinema mirroring reality can be found by studying his personal background. Anil Saaris father, Arjun Arora, was the co-founder of the Communist Party of India (CPI), in Uttar Pradesh (India), and also a proactive trade union leader. Perhaps it is this this exposure to the political theory that leads him to gain in insight into the struggles and realities of the common Indian citizen of that time. It is this approach of Saaris that sets him asunder from mot film journalists of is time.The biggest learning points from the essay, The Compelling World of Hindi Cinema . Hindi cinema has always challenged for being conservative and parochial, so the arguments in this essay are refreshing. Saaris arguments make one realize how even though films from the fifties/1960s never tried altering the established social norms, it did endavour to fervency the imagination of the Indian public in a subtle manner. Saari mentions how Shree 420 was successful as it blended the traditional Buddhist ideals of renunciation and sensuality and in its own inelegant way, it taught a million young Indians how to accept their inherent attraction for the other sex. It is this different approach of that makes readers realize that even with all its conservatism, Hindi cinema did make an effort to introduce modern ideas in a surreptitious manner.In the essay, Can Parallel Cinema Survive, Saari appreciates and criticizes the naturalize of parallel film makers. Saari says that the biggest grouse of the parallel films is that it failed to engage and reach out to their own tar get audiences. So while he is extremely grateful of the works by Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwick Ghatak and Adoor Gopalakrishnan, he remains discontent as most of their films gained recognition internationally and failed to draw the audiences within their own countries. In the final examination chapter, Saari makes interesting comments close to screen idols, right from the Troika to Mani Ratnam. It is in this section that one observes Saaris great love for the work of Guru Dutt.In all, there is great deal of information and insight available in Saaris book. Although, at times, it can seem slightly academic in nature, it never fails to provide an analytical point of view to its readers. Saaris essays are extremely perceptive and provide great understanding into the heterogeneous trends within Bollywood. However, since some of the essays fuddle been written decades ago, the confine and arguments of various essays are outdated and can be challenged. While it is understood that the book is a compilation of Saaris various essays, the random selection of essays kick in no link to one and other. While some essays such as Rags to Riches and Black Money as mainstay of Hindi Cinema could be given a miss, better categorization of essays could perhaps have given the book a better structure. Another drawback of the book is the title itself. Even though the book is titled Hindi Cinema, three of the four sections of the books contain essays pertaining to Indian Cinema where a great deal has been mentioned about South Indian Cinema, which does not classify within the bracket of Hindi Cinema. In addition, apart from being a regular film journalist, it is obtuse as to what categorizes Saari as an insider in Hindi Cinema.In conclusion, Anil Saaris book not only reflects on his style of writing but his passion for the art of film making. His holistic approach in films is not that confided to their content but also their aesthetics, financing and exhibition. Saaris sty le of appreciation and criticism without malice enhances his credibility of his critique. The essays are exceptionally informative as they are all linked to the issues of politics and history within that time. By capturing the various forms of narrative cinema, parallel cinema and popular cinema, the book is a holistic guide to Hindi Cinema over time.

Keep Blaming Canada Essay -- Music Downloads Technology Essays

Keep Blaming CanadaIn 1999, Shawn Fanning and his little program called Napster created sooner a stir in society. Napsters softwargon allows medication listeners to open pieces of their in-person hard drives to everyone using Napster, sharing whatever MP3 songs they have already downloaded or stored. At any time, thousands of people are online, sharing hundreds of thousands of songs, many of which are technically illegal to download without the permission of the copy cover holders. 1 This led to a lawsuit filed by the Recording Industry Association of America, with the rock conference Metallica as its frontman. In this case, several issues were brought up, one of which was the right of the creator of the music to control what happens with their intellectual property. In the United States, it was found illegal, in the human body of procure laws, for people to download the musicians music without permission. However, this unless gave full rights of intellectual property to the creator. But this was only the ruling in the United States. Other countries have different versions of copyright Laws with different interpretations. Copyright in CanadaIn Canada, the Canadian copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act, which protects original literary, artistic, musical and dramatic works. One very significant right granted to the owner of Canadian copyright in a work, is the goop right to reproduce the work, in any material form they choose. For example, the owner of copyright in a book has the right to stop others from do copies of the book, whether the write is by way of a commercial printer, a xerox machine, or by way of a computer image/ text edition scanner. Copyright in a work may be delegate or licensed to others. All assignments and licenses of copyright must be in writing to be valid. The mere transfer of physical possession of a work does not thereby include an assignment of copyright in the work. 2 These seem similar to the Copyright laws found in the United States. It provides similar protection to literary work, artistic, music and so on. But as the multiplication change, so too will the way the laws work.Changes to the ActOn establish 19, 1998, Part VIII of the Copyright Act dealing with private copying was brought up for a major change. Before that, copying any just recording for almost any purpose infringed copyright, although, in prac... ...http//www.cb-cda.gc.ca/news/c19992000fs-e.html.3 Borland, John. P2P downloading is legal, says Canada. 15 December 2003. Silicon.com. 9 February 2004. .4 OReilly, Tim. Piracy is Prograssive Taxation, and Other Thoughts on the exploitation of Online Distribution. 12 December 2002. OpenP2P.com. 9 February 2004. .5 Reid, Shaheem and Walker, Curtis. 50 Cent Says Hes Capitalizing On Arrest, Doesnt assessment Being Bootlegged. 16 January 2003. VH1.com. 10 February 2004. .6 King, Howard. Why Metallica Sued Napster. 1 May 2001. Findlaw.com 10 February 2004. .7 Kearns, Dave. Intellectual property Napster and ethics, 9 April 2001. Network World. 10 February 2004. .8 Barlow, John Perry. display 1994. The Economy of Ideas. Wired. Issue 2.03. 10 February 2004 .