The Cause And Effects Of Acid Mine Drainage Essay -- essays research p

The Cause and Effects of Acid Mine DrainageINTRODUCTION     Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees atomic number 18 totally differentshades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs,but their is a serious task because when you arrive at the river all plantand animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is payableto the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has beenoccurring since ancient times, but it was not until the 1800s when fast growingindustrialization and heavy excavation that it caught alot of attention.     Acid rock drainage is the term used to reap leachate, seepage, ordrainage that has been affected by the natural oxidation of sulfur mineralscontained in rock which is exposed to air and water. The major components ofARD formation are antiphonal sulfide minerals, oxygen, and water. Biologicalactivity and reactions is what is responsi ble for the production of ARD. Thesereactions make low pH water that has the ability to mobilize heavy metalscontained in geological materials with which it comes in contact. "ARD causes adevastating impact on the quality of the ground or surface water it dischargesto. (Ellison & Hutchison)"ACID MINE DRAINAGE     Within the mining process there are s perpetuallyal computer addresss that cause ARD. Nomatter what activities occur, ARD usually occurs when certain conditions are met.These conditions are the factors that limit or accelerate the vacate of ARD.The initial release of ARD can occur anywhere from a few months to many decadesafter the sulfide containing material is disturbed or deposited. ARD has beenassociated with mines since mining began. When ARD occurs due to the effects ofmining it is called acid mine drainage, or AMD. The coal mining industry herein the eastern United States has been associated with a major source of AMD fordecades. When water comes in contact with pyrite in coal and the rocksurrounding it, chemical reactions take place which cause the water to gainsourness and to pick up iron, manganese and aluminum. Water that comes intocontact with coal has a orange-red yellow and sometimes white color. The metalsstay in the solution beneath the flat coat due to the lack of oxygen. When thewater comes out of the mine or the bor... ...ansform organicmaterial and nutrients.(Bastian 1993) Natural and constructed wetland have beenused to treat wastewater. The first one that was ever constructed was in 1982.There are over 200 systems in Appalachia alone.(Bastian 1993)     Even though this is safer for the ecosystem it is found that at mostsites, chemical treatment is still demand to meet efficient standards, butthe costs of chemical treatment is greatly reduced with the initial biologicaltreatment. Most operators find that the costs of the construction of thewetlands are made up within one year due to the money saved on chemicals.CONCLUSION     In conclusion, acid rock drainage is a big problem all throughout theworld due to alot of industrialization and mining. This is not only a seriousproblem around the world, it touches home here, particularly here in Appalachia,but it seems to be under or getting under control with all the new regulationsand standards the EPA is setting. Low pH and a high up acidity level is harmfulto us our wildlife and our plants. With the help of more education and moreresearch it will not have to be a problem for our future.

Scotts experience on the moon in Waliking on the Moon by David R. Scott :: essays research papers

Scotts experience on the moon in "Waliking on the Moon" by David R. Scott walk ON THE MOON by David R. Scott, an American astronaut, is an account of his experiences on moon which he has narrated by the use of figurative language. He has described each persuasion with deep detail in order to portray the moon which is merely seen afar. He has employed various techniques to describe the moon and to make his experiences comprehendible to on the whole and sundry. HE compares, every now and then, his experiences on the moon with the earth.Scott, with his companions in Endeavour, made twelve revolutions around the moon. It took them, two hours to complete oneness revolution which they did in one hour of illumination and one of vileness. He beautifully describes the darker part of the moon which was suffused with earth shine. The light which the moon received from earth was much deep and bright than the moon light visible from earth. in that respectfore, they could easily vie w the mountains and the craters in the earth light.Stars embellished the sky, ahead and above them, with their icy fire and an arc of impenetrable darkness blotted the firmament. Then at dawn barely discernible streamers of light gradually illuminated the moon. Then within a second the sun confused its intense light and brightened everything and dazzled their eyes.In the lunar morning the surface of the moon appeared to be of milk chocolate colour The pointed shadows highlighted the hills and craters. The generator delineates the changes in colour. As the sun rouse higher and higher the colour of mountains became gray and the shadows reduced in size.The writer describes the moon as an arid world. The lunar day and night continued till 355 earth hours. The moon seemed to be preserved in the time of its creation. Craters formed by the striking of meteorites, millions of years ago, were conspicuous. As the writer saw at the dark sky he caught a glimpse of the earth gleaming in space, all blue and white, sea and clouds. The earth looked brilliantly lit in the cold and limitless emptiness of space. Scott surveyed and photographed the moon. On the moon there were incredible variety of landforms. The lunar mountains stood in noble splendor. There were ridges and mountains 11000 feet high. The canyons and gorges were more than one thousand d feet deep.

George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London Essay -- Down and Out

George Orwells Down and Out in Paris and LondonDays without food, nights without shelter and clothes without buttons are reality for homeless person people around the world. Many are incapable of escaping their poverty and can not seem to find a way out of their bleak heaviness. The fewer that do escape often help each other find a way to make their lives pause and do not forget how to oblige friendships. George Orwells novel, Down and Out in Paris and London, displays the ability of those in poverty to escape their horrific lot in life through friendships and connections. The common land goal of shelter and freedom from onerousness bonds many of the lower fellowship. Many in poverty work together to find the best means to execute their common goal through locating employment and safe places to sleep. Orwell tries to display the lower classes sense of friendship and commitment though his interactions with the people he meets turn in poverty. The individuals he describe s have the same dismal prospects and must try to find a way to overcome poverty. It is the common goal of freedom from oppression that bonds many of the lower class to work together to break free. Orwells experience in poverty helps him gain a strong understanding of class structure and the separation of the classes. The realization that many in poverty do not deserve to be oppressed causes Orwell to take political action and to expect for a way to help those in oppression. With Orwells strong examples of the lower class working together, he tries to display his belief that a socialistic gild can solve the separation of classes.Many of the lower class band together to survive in an inhospitable world. While in poverty, Orwell experiences first glove the b... ...truly progress. This realization helps Orwell develop many of his socialist views. Orwell wants to demonstrate that those in poverty are often forced to lead that lifestyle and can not better their societal positio n because of the government. The need to change the governmental system is critical to truly change society and to work towards a brighter and more equal future. Orwells experience in poverty opened his eyes to the disparities in classes, but more importantly, the ability of those in poverty to bond together to overcome oppression set an example that awakened an individuals desire for governmental change. Works Cited- Beadle, Gordon B. George Orwells Literary Studies of Poverty in England. Twentieth Century literary productions 24.2 (1978) 188-202.- Kazin, Alfred. Not One of Us. The New York Review of Books 21.10 (1984) 13-18.

Conflict in Alls Well That Ends Well Essay -- Alls Well That Ends We

Conflict in eithers Well That Ends Well One of the themes that emerges from Shakespeares comedy Alls Well That Ends Well is the conflict between disused and new, epoch and youth, wisdom and folly, reason and passion. As one critic points out, a simple glance at the characters of the unravel reveals an almost equally balanced cast of old and novel. In performance it is apparent that the youth of the leading characters, Helena, Bertram, Diana and Parolles, is in each case precisely balanced by the greater age of their counterparts, the Countess, the King of France, the widow of Florence and the old counselor Lafeu.1 Indeed, the dialectic between youth and age is established in the first act as the Countess sees a mirror of her fountain self in Helenas love sick countenance in scene three when she exclaims Even so it was with me when I was young, and Bertrams worthiness to the ailing King of France in the previous scene appears to hang upon his youthful resemblance to his decea sed father. As the King explains, Such a man might be a replica to these younger times,/Which followed well would demonstrate them now/But goers-backward I.2. 49-51.Like so many literary youths of his day, Shakespeare went backward for his source material for Alls Well and based the play on Giovanni Boccaccios Decameron. Boccaccios early sixteenth-century story revolves around Giletta of Narbona, the daughter of a wealthy and respected physician. Giletta, like Helena (the daughter of the deceased--and indigent--Gerard de Narbonne), falls in love with young count Beltramo, follows him to Paris where she remedies the Kings incurable disease, and, because of her newly-acquired royal favor, is granted the right to demand a husband Beltramo. Despite ... ...ng the confusing and difficult landscape of gender regime and postmodern deconstruction. And rather than accept Helenas all too confident statement that Alls well that ends well, we might more willingly embrace the Kings more ambigu ous statement, All yet seems well.1 J.L. Styan, Alls Well That Ends Well (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1984) 15.2 W.W. Lawrence, Shakespeares Problem Comedies, 1931 rpt (New York Ungar, 1960).3 Anne Barton, Introduction, Alls Well That Ends Well in The Riverside Shakespeare ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1974) 501.4 Ibid, 500.5 David McCandless, Helenas Bed-trick Gender and action in Alls Well That Ends Well Shakespeare Quarterly 45 (1994) 455.6 Richard A. Levin, Alls Well That Ends Well, and All Seems Well, Shakespeare Studies (1980) 131.7 McCandless, 450.

Heroism in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Essay -- Ayn Rand Fountainhead

Heroism in The question The Fountainhead is a story about heroism. The novel is a triumphant cry of hold out against tout ensemble those who insist that spiritedness is about mediocrity. That man is destined to suffer. The greatness of The Fountainhead lies in its ability to inspire hope and confidence in its readers, to portray how much is possible. For more than fifty years now, people all over the world have been looking towards this great book for support and sanction, for encouragement and hope, for ideas and answers. The Fountainhead applauds strength and greatness in human spirit, giving its readers a hero they can admire, respect, idolize and love. Howard Roark -- the hero, the ideal man, the human being. When Roark said in the courtroom, Independence is the sole(prenominal) gauge of human virtue and value, what a man is and makes of himself, not what he has or hasnt for others, he summarized the whole philosophy in these handful of words. To Roark, independence mea nt everything. From this angiotensin-converting enzyme value of his arose all his other values and qualities. To him, there was no substitute and no alternative to independence. He held no authority above the judgement of his mind, he held no one higher than himself. Roark felt a fundamental indifference towards others -- he cared two hoots about what the world thought of him. The people Roark chose as friends and comrades all shared this basic quality - independence. His teacher, Henry Cameron, was a fiercely independent man. So were Steven Mallory, Austen Heller, Mike Donnigan and Gail Wynand. Roarks only hallmark of a man was his independence, or the drop of it. His enemies, the men who hated Roark, yet recognised his greatness, were all dependents and parasites. Peter Keating thirsted... ...ife as Keating and Toohey saw it. A choice between life as it ought to be and life as it is. The Fountainhead is more than a story about heroism. It is a story about a way of life. It wi ll continue to be the some inspiring book of all times and will continue to hit readers with its immortal philosophy and tremendous courage. It will continue to offer answers. The choice is ours. whole kit Cited and Consulted Berliner, Michael S., ed. Letters of Ayn Rand. By Ayn Rand. New York Dutton, 1995. Maslow, A.H. (1968) Toward a Psychology of Being. New York Van Nostrand. Peikoff, Leonard. The Philosophy of Objectivism, A Brief Summary. Stein and Day, 1982. Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York Plume, 1994. Rogers, C.R. (1980) A Way of Being. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Walker, Jeff. The Ayn Rand Cult. Carus Publishing Company, 1999

Heroism in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Essay -- Ayn Rand Fountainhead

Heroism in The Fountainhead The Fountainhead is a story more or less heroism. The novel is a triumphant cry of protest against all those who insist that life is rough mediocrity. That man is destined to suffer. The greatness of The Fountainhead lies in its cogency to inspire hope and confidence in its readers, to show how much is possible. For more than fifty years now, people all over the world have been spirit towards this great book for support and sanction, for encouragement and hope, for ideas and answers. The Fountainhead applauds strength and greatness in human spirit, giving its readers a hero they can admire, respect, idolize and love. Howard Roark -- the hero, the holy man man, the human being. When Roark said in the courtroom, Independence is the lonesome(prenominal) gauge of human virtue and value, what a man is and makes of himself, not what he has or hasnt for others, he summarized the unscathed philosophy in these handful of words. To Roark, independence mea nt everything. From this one value of his arose all his other values and qualities. To him, there was no substitute and no alternative to independence. He held no authority above the judgement of his mind, he held no one higher than himself. Roark felt a fundamental indifference towards others -- he cared two hoots about what the world thought of him. The people Roark chose as friends and comrades all shared this basic quality - independence. His teacher, Henry Cameron, was a fiercely independent man. So were Steven Mallory, Austen Heller, Mike Donnigan and Gail Wynand. Roarks only hallmark of a man was his independence, or the lack of it. His enemies, the men who hated Roark, yet recognised his greatness, were all dependents and parasites. Peter Keating thirsted... ...ife as Keating and Toohey saw it. A excerpt between life as it ought to be and life as it is. The Fountainhead is more than a story about heroism. It is a story about a way of life. It will continue to be the most inspiring book of all times and will continue to hit readers with its immortal philosophy and direful courage. It will continue to offer answers. The choice is ours. Works Cited and Consulted Berliner, Michael S., ed. Letters of Ayn Rand. By Ayn Rand. New York Dutton, 1995. Maslow, A.H. (1968) Toward a Psychology of Being. New York Van Nostrand. Peikoff, Leonard. The Philosophy of Objectivism, A skeleton Summary. Stein and Day, 1982. Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York Plume, 1994. Rogers, C.R. (1980) A Way of Being. Boston Houghton Mifflin Walker, Jeff. The Ayn Rand Cult. Carus Publishing Company, 1999

Tobacco Addiction: Hookah

Jargond Fujikuni Psych 22 April 5, 2013 Tobacco Addiction Water Pipes An addiction is the compulsive need for and habit of a habit-forming substance which is defined by physiological symptoms upon withdrawal. Addiction is more commonly referred to activities in a negative sense beca wont the substance is lots harmful to the user. One of the most addicting substances is nicotine, which is found within tobacco plant. The first thought that comes to mind when referencing to tobacco addiction is skunk cigarettes, hardly there are many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) other moods to consume tobacco such as dip (chewing tobacco), cigars, and water subway systems.Although the water tube has been around for hundreds of years, it has only recently become popular. It has scatter through bulge the Middle East to Europe, all the way to North America, targeting pre-teens to young adults in college. There is an abundant amount of research through with(p) on the prejudicial effects of ci garettes, scarce as the water organ vacuum tube craze is relatively new, there is still in truth little information on the health risks that this refreshed social nicotine addiction may contain. The water pipe has many different street names which are a lot more exotic and tantalising sheesha, shisha, boory, goza, nargile, arghile, and hubble bubble/hubbly bubbly.Smoking nargileh is a sensual and relaxing experience which is often done with a group of people. This bonding social body process gives consume a different di manpowersion of compendium compared to the normal singular act of smoking a cigarette, but may also contribute to the development of addiction. The water pipe is often an elegant looking device resembling a flower vase that sits on a table in between the party. The group will usually be sitting comfortably around the hookah which encour dayss long school terms that often include over fifty puffs of the hookah.The type of tobacco that is sessd through th e water pipe is called maassel, which is fermented in molasses and fruit essences. There are many different flavors that appeal to all smokers. The smoke is often sweet or minty and cooled by the water sift which reserves it easy for even nonsmokers to enjoy. First the tobacco is authorityd within a clay bowl covered by aluminum foil which heads the water pipe. Coals are placed on top of the head to heat the tobacco. The vase of the hookah is filled half way with liquid (usually water). The smoker invigorates through a tube that is committed to the vase.The smoke is drawn through the stem of the pipe and filtered through the water before going through the tube that the smoker is inhaling on. The smoker is able to revolutionize clouds of smoke patch simultaneously drawing air over the coals which further burns the tobacco. There are many cafes and bars that are dedicated to smoking hookah. These cafes have become increasingly popular among college students and are dada up all o ver the United States. Hookahs are also easily purchased through smoke shops or online. Smoking hookah has become a very popular social event because of its slow pace and relaxing feel.It allows people to partake in an activity which doesnt require any concentration and allows them to socialize for an hour or so. It is more active than getting together for a coffee but not distracting sufficient to take away from a conversation. Yet the slow pace of the hookah experience is part of why it might be very dangerous. The total amount of exposure to nicotine through the prolonged smoking pattern is extremely unhealthy. Researchers from the American University of Beirut analyzed smoking patterns at a hookah lounge and reported that smokers inhaled ten times as often as a typical cigarette smoker would.Not only this, but each inhale contained about ten times as much smoke volume as a single cigarette puff. A single hookah session could have the smoke volume equivalent of one hundred cigar ettes. To defend the health risks of hookah smoking, many argue that when inhaling, it is nott necessary to inhale all the way into the lungs, but to simply play with the smoke in the mouth like with a cigar. However, researchers have collected data that estimate absorption of nicotine and other substances contained in hookah smoke state otherwise. Despite the volume of exposure, hookah smokers are still exposed to fewer toxins than cigarette smokers. The studies indicate that hookah smokers are captivating senior high levels of toxins and carcinogens that contribute to the development of softheartedness disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases (Harvard, 2008, p. 3). Hookah is often argued as a healthier way of smoking because the smoke is filtered through water, but clearly it does not filter out all of the toxins. There is still enough nicotine getting through to become addicted. The amount of nicotine that is produced by smoking hookah can vary depending on multiple vari ables type of tobacco, number of coals, duration of use, and the inhaling technique.The number of coals which is related to the temperature that the hookah would be burning at has a capacious impact on the amount of toxins that are inhaled. If the coals are actually burning the tobacco instead of baking or steaming the shisha, the tar in the tobacco could be burned which is very unhealthy to inhale. Researchers found that chronic respiratory symptoms were found in jr. hookah smokers sooner than older ones which suggest that the younger users were smoking more intensely or not being as careful to not burn the tar.Saliva samples showed that carbon monoxide exposure was twice as high in hookah smokers as in cigarette smokers. As far as long-term health effects, there hasnt been much research to make any solid conclusions but like in other tobacco related addictions, there was increased chance of periodontal disease, cardiovascular problems, increased heart rate and blood pressure and problems with the child of women who were pregnant while smoking. Despite the health risks (that the majority of smokers dont even know about), smoking hookah has a huge appeal.It is a social activity that gives bored young adults something to do as well as relaxes the body. The social aspect of the water pipe makes quitting the addiction much different than quitting smoking cigarettes. The hookah smoker is not only addicted to nicotine but also addicted to a fun activity that encourages socializing. It is easy to see how and why young adults would become addicted to smoking hookah. It is also easy to see why hookah lounges are rapidly popping up across the world as addiction equals profit. While hookah is alluring, it also appears to be a health hazard.Clearly, there are safer ways to relax (Harvard, 2008, p. 3). Two studies were recently done on hookah smokers. The first study wanted to figure out if hookah smoking encouraged cigarette addiction, while the other sought to decipher the demographics of those who smoke hookah based off a study done on female college freshmen. The first study was done on students in Denmark. They tested men that were all non-smokers who occasionally smoked a cigarette but were not yet addicted. Through surveying, they discovered that the men that also occasionally or regularly smoked from a water pipe were more likely to become regular cigarette mokers. Although this is a rather weak study, it shows that the tobacco in hookah still contributes to nicotine addiction. A side point that the study made was that hookah could be a potential opening for smoking cigarettes. Special features such as the lower temperature of the smoke and the aromas of water pipe tobacco can contribute to enforcing this mechanism, leading toward smoking cigarettes regularly (Jensen, 2010, p. 1256). The imprimatur study helped determine the appeal of smoking hookah. Syracuse University did a study on female freshmen at a private university in New York th rough online participation which was paid.The study based the results on the volunteers who had not smoked hookah before their freshman year. There were many factors that were predicted to determine whether the students would partake in smoking or not. The protective factors high school GPA, religion, health value, and self-esteem. The risk factors impulsivity/sensation- seek, depression, anxiety, and social comparison. experimenting with hookah might be part of a normative process of seeking new experiences, as a rate of other substance use peak during the 18-25 age range (Fielder, 2012, p. 64). Freshmen year is where students are insecure, seek self-discovery, and take risks. the renewing to college is a likely time for hookah mental home given the increased freedom enjoyed by residential students, the popularity of hookah lounges in college towns, the ability of students under age 21 to get into hookah lounges but not regular bars, media portrayals of hookah smoking as exotic a nd trendy, permissive social norms about substance use typical of the college environment, and the developmental task of identity exploration (Fielder, 2012, p. 46). All of these factor into the study and reasoning behind the engagement in hookah addiction. The study results showed that 23 percent initiated hookah use during their freshmen year which is not a huge percentage but there were many limitations to this study. A volunteer survey that took place at a private school that targeted women was the make-up for a limited study. The results showed that the biggest correlation with smoking hookah was alcohol intake.The other predicted factors werent strong enough to make a correlation. The study also showed that one-third of the surveys had already smoked hookah before their freshman year which shows the popularity. Despite the actual addiction to nicotine and the appeal of the head rush, one of the biggest aspects to smoking that is often over-looked is the smoke itself. Although the smoke is in some ways mysteriously uncontrollable, the art of the smoke cloud projecting out of the smokers mouth gives off a sense of creativity and ownership.The smoke is art whether it is blown out through technique such as a ring or simply as a cloud. The clouds achievable by smoking hookah are by far the largest. The water pipes allure combined with its targeted consumer is the perfect set-up for a generation of nicotine addicts. With still very little known about the long-term health risks, too many risk-seeking college students are falling into the social nicotine trap. It may start off as an innocent activity, but soon enough it could become a daily routine, henceforward an addiction.Harvard Medical School. (2008). Why waterpipe smoking raises concerns about addiction and other health problems. The Hazards of Hookah. Jensen, Poul Densoe. (2010). Waterpipe use predicts progression to regular cigarette smoking among Danish youth. Tobacco Waterpipe Smoking. Fielder, Robyn L. , Carey, Kate B. , & Carey, Michael P. (2012). Predictors of initiation of hookah tobacco smoking a one-year prospective study of first-year college women.

Optimal Capital Structure Essay

The optimal great(p) structure for a company should be the concoction of equity, debt and hybrid instruments that minimizes the overall cost of financial backing, i.e. it should minimize the companys weighted average cost of capital. In practice, however, it is not possible to specify this optimal capital structure exactly, for any individual company. It clearly makes sense to obtain funds at the lowest possible cost. In the long run, debt is gildeder than equity. However, when a companys financial leverage extends as it takes on more debt capital, there is an increasing risk for stockholders. The cost of equity therefore will rise, perhaps offsetting the benefits of raising cheap debt capital. Although management cannot be specific about the optimal capital structure for their company, they should at least be aware ofhow banks and the capital markets capability respond to an increase in the companys leverage level if it were to borrow new funds, and Whether the company is suff iciently low geared to make new debt capital an engaging option, compared to a new issue of equity as a fund-raising measure.There are two approaches to managing a companys capital structure a reactive and a proactive approach. The reactive approach is to take funding decisions when a requirement for moreor lessfunding becomes apparent, and to raise or reduce capital by the method that seems best at the time. The proactive approach that is found in companies with large and well-organized treasury functions is toforecast future funding requirements or funding surpluses as much as possible establish stains for capital structure, in particular a target leverage level (a target range) and a target maturity profile for debt capital If appropriate, raise funds early when new funding requirements are anticipated, in order to take avail of favorable conditions in the capital markets or low bank lending rates.This approach calls for accurate and flexible forecasting skills, and good treas ury management systems. A proactive approach also can be taken to reducing funds, whenever a company considers its current funding to be in excess of requirements for the foreseeable, semipermanent future. By having a target leverage level and a target debt maturity profile, management can decide which method of removing surplus capital might be more appropriate, i.e.reducing equity, by raising dividends or buying back and canceling stocks, or Redeeming loans early.Companys capital structure is never static and will change over time. Retained earnings that should be earned continually add to equity and reduce leverage levels. It is not unusual, therefore, for companies to carry out funding cycles of high leverage, as new loans are obtained to fund capital expansion, and decreasing leverage, as retained earnings are earned. The cash flows generated from profits could be used to redeem loans and thereby replace debt capital with equity in the companys capital structure.

American Cancer Society Essay

Am I a patient, no. Am I a survivor, no. I am someone who has seen genus crabby person through the eyes of others. An uncontrolled division of abnormal cells creates the malignant neoplastic disease within the body (What is genus Cancer). More than 1 million people in the sting together States are diagnosed with derrierecer each year (Learn well-nigh Cancer). An estimated 10,450 new cases and 1,350 cancer deaths are expected to occur among children in 2014 (What are the aboriginal statistics).The American Cancer smart set is one of the greatest resources to turn to when cancer strikes. The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 to raise the publics sense about cancer (The Early Years). With millions of supporters, the American Cancer Society saves lives and ferments to create a world with less cancer and much birthdays. They do this by serving people stay well, get well, by helping support the findings of cures, and fighting back against the disease (Who We Are). It is imperative to fund base research with the American Cancer Society because it saves lives.The American Cancer Society strives to help our society stay healthy by helping people allot the necessary steps to prevent cancer or detect it early. Through the American Cancer Society Clinical Trials Matching Service, patients are connected with more than 64,000 incompatible treatment options. Also provided is an online support community for cancer survivors and caregivers that have brought together more than 93,000 people since 2000 (Online Communities and Support). The American Cancer Society acquires results by investing in research that helps to understand cancer causes, determine how to prevent it, and discover new ways to cure it (Explore Research).The American Cancer Society has several fundraising methods. The main fundraiser The American Cancer Society holds is a walk called the pass for Life. This event takes place across the globe in different communities to honor cancer sur vivors, remember loved ones, and fight back against this detrimental disease. The Relay for Life has varying meaning to different people, but we all lack the same result, a cure for cancer. We walk, we talk, we cry, we laugh, we learn, we love, and we hope. Today there are nearly 14 million cancer survivors, and with the money raised, the number ofsurvivors will continue to deck up (What is Relay For Life).Personally, my family has been involved in American Cancer Society fundraisers for the past several years. Not only has our family been able to raise money for the cancer society, but we have also entered races and walks for the cure. Cancer affects every individual and family in a different way physically and emotionally. Whether you are joining the fight to determination cancer for a family member, or a friend everyone has personal reasons for taking action. What we all share is the belief that we can end this terrible disease if we work together. The donations, long-term inv olvement, and healthy choices of our society, have helped contribute to a 20% drop in death rates from cancer since the early 1990s (McDaniel np). The American Cancer Society is continually working hard to lower the death rate, and while the disease still claims 1,500 lives a day in the United States, change can be made by speaking out (Cancer Facts and Figures 2013). Donating, signing up for a local fundraising event, helping fund the next research breakthrough, or spreading the word to friends and family are all ways society can join the fight against cancer. The American Cancer Society also helps families by helping them understand and cope with the fact that diseases such as cancer can occur at anytime, and in any age group. Cancer brings families together in though times, and the importance of life is soon realized. The American Cancer Society has helped save these lives and has brought families together and continues to do so today. Cancer does not define us but how we chose t o cope with it does. Every one needs to involve as many people as we can to raise money for research and education. at that place is a passionate aggression in each of us as we are fighting to save more lives.The American Cancer Society would not exist without fundraisers and donations. Advocates are imperative for the support and fundraising of the American Cancer Society. Without it, individuals around the world would continue to get cancer and not know what to do about it. Without the research and effort The American Cancer Society puts in patients would get no where, have a lack of education, not know what to do when they get it, and most importantly never have a cure to cancer. We need the American Cancer Society and they need our support. So lets final stage the fight anddonate todayWorks CitedAmerican Cancer Society. American Cancer Society Inc., 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. . Cancer Action Network. American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network Inc., 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. . McDaniel, Justine. Cancer Society, Researchers Look Back on Decades Worth of Progress McClatchy Washington DC News Bureau. 07 Oct. 2013 n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Relay for Life. American Cancer Society Inc., 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. .

What is the narrators and others attitude to `jazz?` How is that attitude modified in the course of the study?

The narrators attitude toward jazz is one of ambivalence, but the attentive reader will understand that it is a form of wilful ambivalence in that the narrator has seemingly made a quiet but definite break with anything that might be considered pop farming and more specifically, black culture or African American culture. The theme of music is a very important theme in the tale because it, loosely, represents the human mind. lad, the musician and drug-addict, eventually expresses a deep and personal odyssey through the idiom of jazz and the narrator, during the storys orgasm is able to embrace this new form of expression, and in doing so, embraces not only the aspects of suffering which his associate painfully reminded him of and from which he tried to hide, but to these same aspects of wounding and discolor which exist in the narrator himself.The parallel between the storys theme and the central symbolization of music that shapes the story is that the narrators awareness that the same racial and cultural aspects of American society that have contributed to Sonnys blues have also inspired, within himself, a blues. This realisation becomes clear subtly over the course of the story the same way that a musical theme develops over the course of a song, especially an extempore (or partially improvised) song. The closing lines of the story state the storys theme in nearly explicit terms Sonnys fingers filled the air with life, his life.But that life contained so many others graceful because it wasnt hurried and it was no longer a lament (Sonnys Blues). By embracing jazz, the narrator embraces his brothers soul and his own heritage and finds not only a blues but a repressed joy as well. 2. What role do social mobility and class play in the struggle between the narrator and Sonny? A key role due primarily to the narrator, who teaches math, viewing himself as normal as well-adjusted while all the while experiencing and inner-turmoil of how to relate to his tro ublesome brother. Social mobility plays the central role of irony in the story.it is a relatively simple premise that the character who has embraced normal society views the character who has not as fringe as affected and as a troublemaker, but in actuality, it is the normal character who has become troubled and affected. The entire ironic premise of the story is predicated on the melodic theme that the narrator may be an Uncle Tom whereas his brother, Sonny, is an outsider, but it is actually the case that the narrator is not an Uncle Tom, but is simply pursuing his soul just as his brother is not an outsider, by design, but an outsider because he is a true artist.3. What in the familys history act as an dour prophesy in the futures of the characters? The narrators father failed to protect his own brother from dying. Because of this, the narrators mother instills within the narrator a deep good sense of obligation to his younger brother. The idea is that the narrator, even at hi s most estranged from Sonny, still feels an obligation to him, and to his mother due to the events of his fathers past.In this way, the story shows how family history adn oral history can play as large a role in the culturization of African Americans as the so-called establishment. In the long run, the narrators ties to the establishment give out long before his sense of obligation to his family. 4. How does Harlem-its streets, its people-act as background for this story? Harlem is a microcosm of African American culture and it is portrayed positively in the story although this positivism may not be obvious to some readers on their first reading of the story.The use of the Harlem setting as a counterpoint white society is way of video display the reader that the same divisions between one type of culture and the other exist within the narrator himself that is his crisis. By setting the story in Harlem, it is equal to setting the narrator in a direct confrontation with his own cult ure, a culture which he seemingly does not value or very understand and one which is in many ways set against the culture he tries to be a part of on a daily basis. 5. The climax of this story involves music and listening to music.How well does Baldwin convey in words what is essentially an aural and non-intellectual experience? Baldwin succeeds with great ability because of his method of venturing into an internal monologue during the climax. By using this technique, he allows the reader to follow thought by thought with the narrators developing understanding of his brothers soul as it speaks to him through the music. Consequently, the reader reaches the realisation of that understanding and that moment of connection at the same time as the narrator, so the harmony of realization is, in itself, like music.6. In the Bible, Cain asks the Lord, Am I my brothers keeper? How does this story imply an answer? Sonnys Blues makes an ironic turn on this Biblical phrase. In other words, t hough the narrator believes that he must function as Sonnys keeper because Sonny is troubled and also because of his mothers geas, in actuality, the narrator is no less troubled than Sonny and, in fact, may be less gifted and therefore more prone to losing his own self-identity.Both Sonnys drug and legal problems and the narrators identity crises present real-world and profound obstacles which have arisen at least partially due to cultural factors of race and social standing. In the final analysis, the story demonstrates that each person is each persons keeper on an equal footing although sometimes immediate circumstances and prejudices allow one person to put himself above another in relation to altruism or helping out ones brother.

School Uniform Should Not Be Abolished

Joanna Chong 06. 12. 2011 School Uniforms Should Not Be Abolished Good break of the day to all my friends. Imagine if you need to choose which c volumehes to enter to workdays every morning so that you will look pleasing to everyone in the school, how will you feel? Would you feel very trouble almost? Our school plans to abolish school uniforms and allows students to wear each clothes to school. This issue becomes a talking-point in our school. I am totally against the idea as I think uniforms are totally necessary to base proper school culture. Today, I am here to convince you that school uniforms should not be abolished.The reasons why school uniforms should remain are because it brings a lot of advantages to students. First, school uniforms promote a sense of belonging and create good school culture. When all the students wear the same uniform, the spirit of learning in school will be uplifted. It shows that the school expects high standards and students respond with better behavior. Wearing school uniforms also raise prevent students especially girls from wearing clothes which acid to the eye such as miniskirt, sexy dress, short pants and so on.On the other hand, boys can focus on their study if girls wear proper uniforms in school. Besides, equality among students can be maintained in school. No matter what family background are the students having, they will wear the same uniform and the difference betwixt rich and poor is smaller. A student who comes from less fortunate family does not need to worry about being bullied or being disdained in school rightful(prenominal) because he wears older clothes. Apart from that, students can save their time in the morning to do other things like having breakfast by just simply wearing school uniforms.This is because they do not have to waste time thinking of what to wear to school and how to decorate themselves by putting some decorations on their clothes. Moreover, school uniforms help students to focus on study instead of fashions and trendy clothes. Futhermore, wearing a uniform helps to prepare students for working in the future. This can help students to adapt with the condition of wearing uniforms to work in the future. People like nurses, doctors, the firemen and the policemen wear uniform as part of their job.Other working adults also wear suits to work. In conclusion, school uniforms should not be abolished. Reasons are that school uniforms give a sense of belonging to us, maintain equality among students, help students to focus on study and help them to prepare for working in the future. Therefore I urge all of you, my friends, to sign a petition to the school administration bill of fare so that they can take into consideration of the benefits of having us, students to wear school uniform. Thank you. (460 words)

Morphology of Rural Settlements in Malda Essay

AbstractThe folksy settlement within the Malda govern mellowedlights valet de chambre attempts for the livelihood and structure the habitat on the diverse geographic landscapes. The characteristics of its inwrought endowments, social conditionality and historical antecedents and intimately importantly the gracious efforts gave the agrestic countryside a certain kind of social and morphological characteristics. The morphological characteristics of the closures use up been stack away from the different natural regions of the regularizes in order to understand the divergent forces and feature of it. This paper has focused on understanding the settlement pattern in the Malda district in the third broad geographic regions of it namely Tal, Diara and Barind.Key Words Village, Morphological structure, Geographical landscapes, landuse, The Malda district.IntroductionSettlement morphology is primarily concerned with the lay-out, aim and internal structure of the settlements. It not only visits settled subject theater in terms of physical office but identifies its various components in respect of socio- scotch space which has its direct bearing in controlling the arrangement of buildings, patterns of streets and fields and functional characteristics of settlements in general. Types, Form and Pattern constitute the three staple elements of morphology of cracker-barrel settlements. Type would refer to three sets of formal and functional relationship I) nominate to home fore, II) street to street and terce) street to street. The inherent principle of village morphology is the human instinct of gregariousness. To have a comprehensive view of settlement, it deals with the morphogenesis and the morphological structure of homespun settlement. Besides the geometrical shape, this is visualized through air view or on a well drawn map, as one aspects of the form of a settlement, the internal arrangement of lanes, houses, with varies relationship, provide anformer(a) aspect, named as morphology, hence morphological structure.The morphological structure of villages, as concrete expression of human activity in space, involves five principles of settlement formation, advocated by Doxiadis. His hypothetical frame for any settlement consists of four disjoints Homogenous parts, Central part, Circulatory part and Special part. These basic parts be closely associated with the dimensions of height, length, width and time, which be best explained by morphological analysis of the villages. The internal morphology naturally involves analysis of structural morphology and social morphology. Of these, the former concern with the description and interpretation of relationship involves and deals with the wide-ranging dwelling group, community structures and land or spaces.Literature ReviewAgglomerate and isolated homestead would be the two extreme casefuls intervened by a with child(p) figure of intermediate types. While in an agglomerate type there is one habitation site on which ar located all the buildings, in the dot or isolated type there would be as many habitation sites as the building. Form connotes the geometric shape of the aggregate of building and streets, and thus, is expressed through innumerable categories, such as circular, rectangular, squ atomic number 18, quadrilateral and irregular. Finally, pattern would be indicating geometrical arrangement of large number of settlement suggestive of correlation coefficient with natural and cultural features of the landscapes. Form, type can be applied to individual settlements but pattern is applicable only to a set of large number of rural settlements (Mukerji A.B, 1976). Generally rural settlements spread over number of buildings and distribution of cultivated lands on several levels. Just as in the cases of scattered and spread villages, this type of settlements represents a typical form which there can be established a sequence of form and structure (Gh. Ior dache, 1974). The tendency of grouped househ overageds, agglomerating in the heartland is typical for settlement within plain lands, with intensive rude economy and low relief mass. The phenomenon of households agglomerating in the heartland is result of the complex historical, economic, social and demographical factors (V. Cucu, 1998).Study regionMalda district consists mainly of low lying plains, sloping towards the south with undulating field of forces on the north-east. Located between latitude 2404020N to 250328N and longitude 8704550E to 8802810E. The Mahananda River divides the district into two regions. The western region is further subdivided by the river Kalindri into two playing fields. The northern is known as Tal- it is low lying and defenseless to inundation during wet season, the southern argona consists of very fertile land and is thickly populated, commonly known as Diara. The region of mature alluvium that had addicted nary(prenominal)th Bengal its old hi storical name of v arendri or barendri is known today as Barind. This region is make up of the ancient alluvial humps that are remnants of old riverine floodplains that remain unaffected subsequently by inundation and renewed silting. build 1 Broad physiographic map of Malda district Fig 2 Study area map outset District Human Development Report, Malda Source District Human Development Report, MaldaHarischandrapur I & II, Chanchal I & II and Ratua I & II are located in Tal region. Gajol, Old Malda, Bamongola and Habibpur are located in Barind region and Diara region consist English Bazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak I, and II & III. For my study, I have studied on Harischandrapur I & II from Tal region, Adina from Barind region and Manikchak from Diara region.ObjectivesThe rural settlements within the Malda plain area highlight in the geographical landscape by specific features which give its individuality. The characteristics of its natural background (majorly plain area- sub-divided into Tal, Diara, and Barind etc.), social-historical evolution and conditions and human economic activities gave the villages certain morphological-structural features, which harmonize with the general features of rural settlements within the plain. The following subtypes of settlements are viewed in the area- agglomerated, compact and dispersed villages. The selective objectives are* To analyze the Characteristics of rural house type* To determine Characteristics of rural house building materials with their availability* To analyze rural road type and rural road net lead* To determine the landuse pattern in different physiographic divisions.* To analyze rural economy with relation to land-use pattern and daily habits of the rural habitants* To prevail the impacts of Physical environments on land use of the villages.Database and MethodologyBoth primary data and secondary data have been used in this term paper. pass up-ranking data link to physiographic map, satellite images from Goog le earth, census data 2001 etc. For this term paper, primary data collected from one selected blocks from for each one physiographic division and field survey has done on this areas. To analyze data a very simple statistical tool like bar graph has been used. analytic thinkingCharacteristics of rural house typeAt first this paper shows characteristics of rural house type in the district of Malda. In Malda district, houses in rural area express the basic relationship between human beings and their physical and social environment. A feature common throughout most of Malda is the courtyard. This is in the centre, in front of or bum the house. This propagate space alternates as living room, prepareplace and storage space. Rooms are built round the courtyard with doors opening into it. The rooms often surrounded by raised verandas.Fig 3 Rural houses are located around the courtyard Fig 4 Animal breeding in open space in front of house Source dramaturgy Survey Source field of forc e surveyThe plinth of the rooms is often raised. When rooms are built along one side of the courtyard only, three sides are fenced or walled in with an entrance door at the front. Such layout provides both concealment and safety. The courtyard provides the division between the outer part of the house and the inner sanctum reserved for women. This kind of layout is common all over the rural area in Malda.Fig 5 Rural house with conical roof Source celestial orbit surveyIn Malda district, an separate significant characteristic of rural houses are that their roofs are inclined because in rainy season, the sloping roofs allows pissing to drain off. On the other hand, some conical roofs are found in certain tribal and caste areas of Malda. In my study, I have seen this kind of roof characteristics in Harischandrapur in Malda.Characteristics of rural house building materialsdifferent blocks of Malda district, rural dwellings are built of locally available materials. Generally houses in rural area have made by mud, bamboo and brick. Some hay made houses are too found in rural area. Very few number of pakka houses are found in rural area in which mainly brahman families and economically well developed families are lived. For making wall of the houses, large number use brick, mud, hay etc. In the case of making roof share of houses, dwellers use mainly tile (square brick for flooring or roofing), hay and tin etc.Fig 6 Brick made house with tile roof Fig 7 Hay made house with tile roof Source Field survey Source Field surveyFig 8 Bamboo made house with tile roof Fig 9 Mud made house with tile roof Source Field survey Source Field surveyDue to non-availability of proper building materials, there did not allow for the growth of permanent of settlements. Tents made of skin or leather used by the various tribal groups in Harischandrapur block. They were the dwellings in this area before modern housing materials began to be used.So the mud and sundried brick houses with thatched or tiled roofs are the commonest in Malda district. The quality of house building materials used depends on the economic condition of the owners. In some areas of Malda district e.g. Adina, Harischandrapur etc, government also provides prefabricated building materials.The using of house building materials of dwellers in rural area depends on physical conditions of Malda, mainly the climatical condition. The climatic condition of Malda is very harsh throughout the year. For example, in this climatic condition people use mud for making their house in rural area because mud debates the sun heat and makes the house relatively calm down in summer season.Rural road type and rural networkRural roads are the last link of the transport network, however, they often from the most important connection in terms of providing access for the rural population. In Malda district, permanent or seasonal absence of road access is a trammel factor in terms of providing rural communities wit h essential services such as education, primary health care, water supply, local markets as well as economic opportunities. The availability of such services and opportunities are difficult to sustain without a quality and well maintained rural network.In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled roads are found. Cart tracks are also found in villages. The conditions of the roads are not very good. Especially in rainy season roads are broken as well as damaged. The common feature is that most of the houses in rural area are located besides the both sides of the roads.Fig 10 One unmettaled road of Adina Fig 11 One mettaled road of Harischandrapur Source Field Survey Source Field surveyFig 12 Village road joints with NH 34 Fig 13 Damaged village road in rainy season Source Field survey Source Field SurveyIn other hand, another common feature of the rural area is that roads under the villages are directly meet with the National highway. This common feature indicates po sitive aspect of village road network in Malda district. In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater thrust to providing road connectivity. So government launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) in different blocks in Malda, with the objective of providing road connectivity through good all weather roads to all unconnected habitations.Landuse pattern of three broad physiographic divisions in Malda district The differences in cross regional landuse pattern across the Tal, Barind and Diara reflect the same set of settlement intensities, agrarian features and artless constraints. According to 2001 census, landuse patterns of Malda district are as follows-LANDUSE normal OF THREE BROAD PHYSIGRAPHIC DIVISIONS IN MALDA DISTRICT Divisions Landuse in hectares Homestead land Orc dangerouss & Pasture land Culturable wasteland Net cropped area Net irrigated area Multi cr opped area Tal 4712 140 213 92373 16528 68426Barind 3717 161 262 109539 9563 32751Diara 7176 134 196 78098 8480 38225Source Census 2001HOMESTEAD LAND DISTRIBUTION ORCHARDS & PASTURE LAND DISTRIBUTIONCULTURABLE WASTELAND DISTRIBUTION pull in CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONNET IRRIGATED DISTRIBUTION MULTI CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONIn the Diara where settlement densities and regional land pressures are the highest, the quantum of land used for homestead purpose is nearly as high as the sum of homestead lands in the Tal and Barind. The extent of Culturable wastelands available for potential future goal in the Diara is correspondingly low. However, while the Net Cropped Area (NCA) is highest in the Barind, the irrigation and multi cropping intensity here is relatively low. Thus unlike the Tal where virtually all agricultural lands are multi cropped, a large portion of farming operations in the Barind are carried out on monocrop land. Cropping intensity in Diara for entirely different reasons , this has to do with the seasonal flooding and region experiences, as a result of which agricultural land be precipitates inaccessible for a certain part of the year. In recent times, the spread of mango cultivation, brinjal cultivation, chestnut cultivation etc. across the Diara has also been a factor in reducing cropping intensity.Fig 14 Canal irrigation in Harischandrapur Fig 15 Irrigation through shallow machine Source Field survey Source Field surveyGenerally the main source of irrigation is rainwater. Others irrigation facilities like canal, shallow machines are also found in some part of Tal region like Harischandrapur. Due to these facilities, agricultural lands are mainly multi cropped as well as cropping intensity is also high in Tal region than Barind and Diara region. The cropping intensity of Tal region is about 205% where 156% in Barind region and 167% in Diara region.Rural economy with relation to land-use pattern and daily habits of the rural habitants Rural economy is directly related with the livelihood pattern of this particular region. The differing characteristics in rural settlements and their habitant have seen across in Malda district seem directly related to livelihood pattern and work opportunities in different sub regions. Work participation is highest in Diara which has the highest density of settlement. However, the livelihood stress caused by rapid growth of district population against a limited land resource base means that work participation rates are well below 50% in all three regions of the district, and are lowest in Tal region at just under 37%. Each worker in the Tal thus has to support an average of 1.7 dependents, against 1.4 dependents in Barind regions and 1.2 in the Diara.According to 2001 census, in Tal and Barind region almost 75% of rural people are engaged in agricultural activities. Household Industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and Kaliachak III. Almost 50% people in total workers are engaged in Ho usehold industry activities. In other hand, in Old Malda, Englishbazar, Kaliachak I and Kaliachak II, almost 50% people are engaged in other economic activities. So, mainly rural economy depends on agricultural activities. Outside, the Barind region, therefore, land scarcity is a major problem in the district. Agricultural and in Tal and Diara regions is mostly irrigated and already intensively cropped and cultivated. The scope of generating additional business for the landmass in agricultural sector in this region has become progressively limited since each hectare of farmland in Tal and Barind blocks already engages between 2-4 agribusiness on the average. In the Barind where the land situation is more favourable, most farmland is mono cropped because of terrain factor, low water table and resulting difficulty in providing in ancillary irrigation on such lands to generate additional work opportunities in agriculture. Consequently, the district is now poised for a major shift of workers from cultivation to non agricultural sector. concussion of physical environments on land use of the villages Physical environments directly affect on land use pattern of the villages. In Malda district, the estates of the Barind regions are hard silty clays of a reddish hue that has developed through the sesquioxides. Organic residues in this soil are highly decomposed, leading to no acidic soil pH at levels as low as 6.8 in the Barind tracts of Malda. Organic carbon content is also generally low at 0.54% in these Malda tracts, as a result of which overall soil fertility remains at modest level under unirrigated conditions. Since the undulating terrain in the Barind promotes a fair amount of runoff and the hard impervious clayey Barind soil permit little percolation, most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bills or pools in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangan and Punarvava rivers, cover version the low lands here until long after the monsoon is over.Spanning Manikchak, Kaliachak I, II, III and Englishbazar blocks within the district, the Diara is relatively well defined flatland formed by the fluvial deposition of newer alluvium in the transitional zone between the Barind upland and marshy Tal tracts. The Tal is mostly composed of Bog lands formed in mainly marshy pockets around vestigial landlocked drainages. Consequently, Tal is strewn with innumerable marshes, bils and oxbow lakes.The uplands of Barind gradually slope downwards towards the north-east and north of Malda district in the region lying beyond the Mahananda. The six development blocks situated here. They are bounded by the Mahananda to their east, by the Ganga to west and the river Kalindri to the south. Since the tract is bounded by the river, soil conditions improve considerably, providing favourable for mango orchard and for the cultivation for jute and several other kharif and Rabi crops.However although the geophysical situation of the Tal is relati vely favourable compared to that of the Barind. Being the largest of three sub regions, the Barind also has the largest number of habitation. However, these are widely dispersed and their populations are smaller. The reasons for the lower scale of human settlement in Barind lie in its semi arid and water deprived character, with upland soils that supports a lower intensity of cultivation. conversely the Tal and Diara, which are better endowed with water and also with fertile sedimented soils, have supported more diversified cultivation, more work related migration, and greater intensities of human settlement, which is reflected particularly in the Diara by higher masculinity within the regional population.Cross regional differences also occur in agricultural yields across the Tal, Barind and Diara, which reflect intrinsic differences in soil quality, water availability and land husbanding practices. Except for the yields of the main aman rice that grows in rainfed condition over the monsoon months, agricultural yields are uniformly higher in the well watered Tal region. Again the yields overall for the Barind is actually a consequence of the vast extent of land cultivated during the rainfed aman season when differences in crop yields across the three regions are minimal.Major findings* Common feature in the most of the rural area in the Malda district is courtyard base rural houses. This is in the centre houses are built up around this courtyard. * In the Malda district, rural settlements are mainly semi-compact and disperse type. * In rural area, people build their houses with the help of locally available materials. Their houses patterns depend on both their economic condition and the physical condition. * In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater thrust to providing road connectivity. In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled roads are found. * The landuse patterns are different in different physiographic divisions in Malda district. Homestead lands are well distributed in Diara tracts, where In Barind region, orchards and pasture lands, net cropped area and Culturable wastelands are well distributed. On the other hand, irrigation facilities and multi cropped area are well distributed in Tal region.* The rural work participation rates are highest in Kaliachak I block. In other Kaliachak blocks, Harischandrapur II, work participation rates exceeds uniformly but WPR is very low in Englishbazar, Manikchak, old Malda and other blocks of Tal regions. * Mainly rural economy depends on agricultural activities. absolute majority of rural people in Tal and Barind region are engaged in agricultural activities. Household industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and III blocks. In other hand, in Englishbazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak II and old Malda blocks, half of the worker people engage in other economic activities.* In Barind region, overall soil fertility remains at modest level under unirrigated condition. Upland of Barind is bounded by the river, soil condition improving considerably, providing favourable for mango orchards, and for the cultivation for jute and several others kharif and Rabi crops. * In the Tal and Diara region have supported more diversified cultivation due to fertile sediment soil. These conditions occur more work related migration and greater intensities of rural settlements which reflect on Diara by higher masculinity. * Agricultural yield in Tal, Diara and Barind regions differ due to intrinsic differences in the soil, availability of water and land husbanding practices. Agricultural yields are uniformly higher in Tal region.ConclusionMalda district is mainly lower part of the Gangetic plain as well as southern part of the North Bengal plain. The three broad subregions can be defined physiographically within Malda district like Tal, Diara and Barind. The vi llage economy of the Malda district is establish on agricultural activities, orchards etc. Agricultural features of Malda district depends on monsoon climate. Irrigation facilities are also available in the Malda district. Major portion of agricultural lands in Malda district are multi cropped. Traditional houses pattern in rural area has been changed by the economy. All over morphology of the rural areas are almost identical to each other in three physiographic regions. Agricultural crops are mainly jute, paddy and wheat. Mango orchards spread large portion of the Malda district. Rural houses types are almost similar all over the Malda district. But in the case of livelihood pattern, some regional variations are followed.In Tal and Barind region, large number of people engages in agricultural activities, on the other hand household industries and other economic activities are developed in Diara region. In rural area of Malda district, half of the people have engaged in agricultura l activities which indicate the agriculture based rural economy. At present time, government has taken some steps for development of rural area in Malda district like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sarok Yojna Jatio Gramin Kormosangsthan Prokolpo etc. this kind of project control the morphology of rural settlements in Malda district. Another feature of village area in Malda district is that some tribal people have been lived in periphery of the villages. This tribal people are not permanent, they are come at a particular time of the year for some work and after finish their work, they go back. In my study, In Harischandrapur block, this kind of sight has been showed. So at a glance, rural morphology in Malda district is much diversified.References* Bylund, E., Theoretical Considerations regarding the Distribution of Settlement in Inner North Sweden in Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 42, No. 4, Advance and Retreat of Rural Settlement papers of the Siljan Symposium at the XIX th International Geograph ical Congress (1960), pp. 225-231. * Desai, A. R. (1961), Rural India in Transition. Popular curb Dept., Bombay, 1961. * Doxiadis, C. A. (1969) Ekistics, An attempt for a Scientific Approach to the Problems of Human Settlements in Science and Technology and the Cities (eds.), Committee on Science and Astronautics, U. S. House of Representatives Washington, D. C., U. S. Govt., p. 9. * Ghosh, S., Introduction to Settlement Geography. eastern United States BlackSwan, 2008. * Mandal,R. B., Introduction to Rural Settlement. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. * Mukerji, A. B., Rural Settlements of the Chandigarh Siwalik Hills (India) A Morphogenetic Analysis in Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 58, No.2 (1976), pp. 95-115. * Siddique, A., Rajbongshi, B., An Analytical Study on Design and Analysis of Stabilised Rural Roads in Proceeding of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 813-828, 2005. * Singh, R. Y., Geography of Settlement. Rawat Publ ication, 1994.

Oedipus the King Essay

In the play written by Sophocles Oedipus the King, is depicted as unrivaled who is blind to his bear ego, pride stubbornness, anger and lack of knowledge. First written in Greek mythology this play is ab off a King of Thebes whose ego overshadowed his skill to focus on his the necessary things to stabilize his dry land his anger and pride eventually led to his d induce fall. Having solved the riddle of the Sphinx, (an evil creature) King Oedipus was equal to(p) to succeed as the new queen regnant of Thebes and became the new husband of the queen Jocaster, not knowing that she was his biological mother.Oedipus son of king Laius and Queen Jocaster was doomed from birth, fearing that their son Oedipus will take his fathers life Jocaster give him (Oedipus) to a herdsman to be killed, he was then given to another herds man in the fields In a twist of faith who then returned him to Corinth where he was adopted by King Polybus and his wife Queen Merope, who raised him as their own. It would await the gods will have their fun day with Oedipus. Blinded by ego as a king Oedipus seeks only to please his people, his city and himself.Plagued with sufferings throughout his kingdom in which famines, diseases animals becoming extinct, and the women who were stricken with b atomic number 18ness were becoming a desaster. With no end to their sufferings the people of Thebes turned to the king for guidance and to help appease their discomfort. obligate to his people, his city, and himself the king in his search for answers, summons Creon his brother in law and uncle to provide him advice from the wise council of the Oracle in Delphi. Creon learns from the oracle that the kingdom was plagued by a series of unfortunate events and revealed it to the King.According to Creon the plague in the land essential be driven out by bringing the murderer of the previous king to justice. I will tell you, then, what I heard from the God. King Phoebus in plain words commanded us to drive out a contaminant from our land, pollution grown ingrained within the land drive it out, said the God, not cherish it. (Sophocles 105-110). The plague was as a result of the murder of King Laius (Oedipuss biological father) whose killer was never found and brought to justice.Oedipus felt it was his duty to find the killer and have justice served. Not satisfied with the answers he had gotten from Creon, Oedipus sent out for Tiresias a prophet. Tiresias you are well versed in everything, things teachable and things not to be spoken, things of Heaven and Earth creeping things. You have no eyes save in your mind you know with what plaque our city is afflicted. (Sophocles 315-320). Again Oedipuss ego drives him to pursue answers to which the end result will only destroy himself the gods must be laughing now.Oedipus points out the fact that Tiresias is blind, but he fails to see that he himself is blind to the events taking place within his kingdom. Oedipus acknowledges that although Tiresias is physically blind he has discerning capabilities that allow him to see what others cannot, moreover he knows of the plaque in the city. It is Oedipuss pride that compels him to seek the justness in order to bring license to the people of Thebes in hope of gaining more power from them. As Tiresias became hesitant and refuses to speak what he knows Oedipus became angry. There is no fairer duty than helping those in distress. (C & B 301-302).Oedipus made this remark because he wants to be the savior of the city, the man who will bring it out of distress and misery. He sees Tiresias as hard headed individual and a man with no feelings making reference to his eyes being cold (C & B lines 307-308). Oedipus continues to accuse Tiresias of his faults, finally Tiresias decides to speak the truth behind Oedipuss own blindness to which he is blind and thus cannot see the nature of his own wrong doings (C & B Lines 324).Tiresias revealed that Oedipus himself was the pollutant of t he land because he (Oedipus) is the murderer of King Laius. It would be the gods got their wishes in spite of Oedipus unknowingly killed his biological father. Oedipus stated, it has but not for you it has no strength for you, because you are blind in mind and ears as well as in your eyes. (Sophocles 400-410). Oedipus refuses to believe Tiresias words and continues to provoke him, exclaiming your life is one long night so that you cannot hurt me or any other who sees light, (Sophocles 410-420) although it is he Oedipus who cannot see the light.The irony here is supported by the metaphor of knowledge as vision. Tiresias though being sightless discerns the truth through wisdom, while Oedipus is essentially in a sense, blinded by his anger and cannot see the truth. Oedipus secret of killing his father is no longer remaining unknown for the Shepard, and Tiresias know of Oedipus hide past. Blinded by lack of knowledge towards his past he accused his brother in law Creon of treason and plot to destroy he (Oedipus) an telephone circuit between Oedipus and Creon lures Jocasta towardsOedipus in which she tries to calm him down. Jocasta goes on to say that the oracle cannot be trusted. Throughout the story of her former husband death, she mentioned he died on the three dash crossroads just before Oedipus arrive to Thebes. After Jocasta has mentioned how Laius died, Oedipus realized that he may be the one who murdered Laius (his father). Hoping that he is not identified as Laiuss murder, Oedipus sends for the shepherd that survives the attack.As he Oedipus finds out the truth about himself, his past, his biological father and mother his physical and spiritual eyes became opened. In his doctrine as well as guilt he then blinded himself, the irony here, is just when he saw the light, he took his own sight, what use are my eyes if I cannot see? Oedipus was blind towards the past, not knowing his real parents, the present, putting pride ego and anger before rationaliz ation, and the future, physically taking his own sight away by blinding himself.The play begins with the praise and love for a king, Oedipus is praised at the beginning of the play and is looked up to by the people, Tereisais refuses to speak the truth and Oedipus refuses to see the truth. Finally Oedipus went from being a blind man with seeing eyes to a man with sight, but his real eyes destroyed. This hero skin because his pride and ego made him blind to the truth that was right before his eyes. The gods got what they desired did they desire more?

Free Appropriate Public Education Essay

One of the six aspects of IDEA is Free Appropriate Public fosterage (FAPE). FAPE is technicall(a)y defined as a Special nurture and related operate that be provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction, and without charge meet SEA include preschool, elementary, or secondhand school education and are provides through an individualized education program (IEP). (Mandlawitz, 2007)An individualized educational see (IEP) that is designed to meet the pincers unique needs and from which the child receives educational benefits and prepares them for farther education, employment, and mugwump living.These unique education needs includes Mastery of academic subjects and basic skills, Social, health, emotional, physical, and vocational needs, and functioning and self-help sills. (Jalvarado) FAPE consist of an education that meets the individual needs of the child, the child with the disability moldiness be educated with students without disabilities, an evaluation and placement decisions must be made appropriately. IDEA does not explain the exact meaning of the term appropriate.Parents and schools visualise this term uniquely which has resulted in countless court cases. This aspect of IDEA has be one of the intimately challenged out of all six because there are so many places of error and loop holes that award for some school districts to slip through. Even though this principle does mention the child should be in the least restrictive environment. This environment could vary from complete involvement in a classroom with children without disabilities, a separate classroom that has one on one help for the child and/or a combining of both.This environment is not truly known until an IEP is developed. The IEP would state the special education, related services, supplementary aids and services that depart be provided for the child. This allows a child regardless of the severity of their disability to receive an education. It is important for fam ilies that pay back children with disabilities to know intimately FAPE because they may not know that there child is entitled to receive an education. FAPE is in effect(p) for families and their children to know their rights to receive an education.In, addition this could save families a lot of money that they may spend on special services or private schools that they could be receiving for free from the school district. For example a indifferent(p) child that may need a speech and auditory therapist and an interpreter these types of services could all be provided by the school district with no cost to the families in addition to the childs normal academics. Also the children would become more social with peers and interacting with others that could not be learned in a confined area like home schooling and schools that isolate the child.The child would develop social skills that are desperately needed day to day to survive. FAPE is beneficial for parents because it could relieve stress that maybe caused by their misinterpret of why their child is different and how to help them grow. The parent may also learn things about their child that they did not know like their child is very motivated to learn, enjoys working in groups, and is very inquisitive. These characteristics about this child would not have been known if their child was not put into public schooling.Educators also embolden a part in the child and them receiving extra help provided under IDEA because they create the IEP and donjon everyone up to date about the childs improvements and problem areas. This aspect of IDEA impacts me as a future educator because it will force me to broaden my horizons and views of the normal classroom commence. Meaning, that there are not any students with LDs or disabilities in the class. Knowing that FAPE is a defining factor in the educational experience for children with disabilities will allow me to understand their exceptionalities and how effectively help t hem gain an education.In addition I will learn how to properly mainstream them into the classroom with other students. For example, I would figure out ways to decrease to possibleness of labels and teasing by the other students because it was noticeable that the students were in special ed. classes. To prevent teasing caused by misunderstanding I would develop projects that would create learning experiences for students to learn that everyone is different in their own way.Also to search these differences and focus more on their abilities and talents as an individual for students with and without exceptionalities. The students being combined could create new relationships amongst the disabled and normal students. Before this aspect of IDEA was created children with disabilities were segregated from the normal student. Knowing that there is boastfully possibility that my classroom will consist of students each uniquely different it is important for me to well informed and educate d. So that I will be able to effectively educate my students.

Hybrid Marketing Channels in the Service Sector

EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Being famous soft touch in nutri manpowert and boozingable manufacturing exertion, Universal Robina Corporation Vietnam (URC Vietnam), a subsidiary federation ope come inly below International Robina Corporation has got signifi s revoke packingt success since it started business in Vietnam in 2004. URC Vietnam joins the merchandiseplace with four primary(prenominal) carrefour catergories Snacks, Biscuits, Candies, and drinks.Considered as a strategic growth of URC Vietnam, C2 is now kn admit as matchless of the leading in parking megabucks after(prenominal)noon afternoon afternoon afternoon teatime leaf commercialize, a popular name with legion(predicate) Vietnamese quite a little in spite of the fact that when it was launched to grocery store, 0 degree from Tan Hiep Phat Corporation had al clear been sold and attracted a bouffant be of consumers. Always, URC wholesomely aim is to provide its customers with the topper harvest-times. They build up character policies on plan of reservation everything in gillyflower with the companys mission. Being a occasion of URC International, URC Vietnam to a fault indicates its ability.veneer with the great competitiveness in bever suppurate market, URC Vietnam has implemented a plenty of suitable measures to all overcome their furious competitors. Assessing Vietnam as greatly breadable market for alcoholic and soft drink commodities, at that place be more(prenominal) and more rankors jumping into this market. It is obvious that C2 has to compete with umpteen solid companies in both sides indirect and direct opponents. Among them, 0 Degree and Lipton Pure jet-propelled plane are rated as the two big competitors who are armed combat with C2 for gaining market share in cat valium tea manufacturing field.Customer element is all the time the focalize of any business, including this market. In detail, the Vietnamese bind tradition of drinking tea grand tea force out remove people from tiredness in any case that why C2 are preferent a lot especially in summer. C2s workoutrs are primarily students and officials in urban area they broad(prenominal)ly appreciate disfigurementmark differences. C2 mathematical process is at the growth stage with significant amplify in gross revenue figure done the twelvemonth and is the second leading identify in the so entrancing fitter green tea segment.C2 can be so successful like that beca drop they gravel employed an rough-and-ready 4ps merchandise-mix emergence (diversified flavors, reputable supplier and tidy-looking package), bell (4000 VND/ bottle 360ml), placement (urban areas, strong distri neverthelession bloodline), promotion ( advertizement in dissimilar media means) C2 has its own strengths and weaknesses from that, URC Vietnam can make a positive progress in its exploit. Studying opportunities and threats is an essential run away that company should do as rewardous ly, so that they can make appropriate and by the bye strategies to progress experience their business. . INTRODUCTION Universal Robina Corporation is committed to bringing Filipino taste and culture arenawide, in term with JG Summits vision to make life relegate, not single for Filipinos, but for the rest of the reality That is what URC claims itself and reality has shown URCs success. As one of the leaders in Food & Beverages market in Philippines, URC has expand its business in Singapore, Hongkong, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. URC Vietnam, which started the operation in Vietnam in late 2004, is the refreshed-fashionedest addition to URC International.URC invested 15 million vaulting horse into Vietnam market, and located company in Vietnam- Singapore industrial zone. Typical products are Fun enactmentes, Cream-O, Magic, Dynamite coarse Bang, Beverage C2, that are brand-promoted by Hollywood actor Johny Tri Nguyen, Mat Ngoc Girl Band, and Actress N ha Ky. URC Vietnam is the very start-off URC subsidiary extraneous the Philippines to successfully produce and market C2 Green tea leaf. C2 is now one of the two market leaders in Vietnam bottled green tea field and its manufacturing is being expanded to meet highly demanding market. 2. COMPANY summary 2. 1. deputation statementThe following statement was announced by international URC CEO Our leading brands go game customers the trump in enjoyment, quality, value and convenience. To attain the mission, URC set up their quality indemnity. The Universal Robina Corporation policy is to make consumers lives more fun and enjoyable through convenient, quality and value for money branded food products. This go forward make URC the customers send-off choice, a market leader in its major(ip) food brands and a key player in the Philippines and the Asian region. Along with the vision of the parent company, URC Vietnam carried bulge out the aforesaid(prenominal) line as internati onal URC.URC Vietnam chthonianstands that to achieve the abandoned mission, they have to make continuous improvement and training efforts through cost-effective strategies and fitting means to address the changing demands of the consumers. These efforts focus on the quality and freshness of products initiating from in the raw materials public treasury they are provided to the customers. They endeavor to predict possible problems, provide preventive measures and correct non-conformities. Moreover, it is strongly accent that the quality of separately URC product is the responsibility of every URC employee. 2. 2.Company objectives It was an outstanding year for URC Vietnam which saw sales surge from 6 million dollar signs in fiscal 2007 to 31 million dollar last year on the back of the unprecedented growth of the C2 brand. To date, C2 holds a leading market position in Vietnam (which has URCs scratch C2 plant outer the Philippines), and is now exported to Malaysia and Indonesia . Although in general international URC is suffering from the serious effects of the world financial crisis, it seems special to URC Vietnam case C2 pipe down continues to affirm its leading position in Vietnam market.At the present, C2 is broadly speaking consumed in urban areas where the competitiveness is really noticeable. In the coming time, in order to remain the accredited growth, URC Vietnam should set the priority of providing Vietnamese consumers, both in urban and hoidenish areas, with the high-quality goods and meeting their changing demands. 3. surroundings ANALYSIS 3. 1. Economic issues pic Figure 1 Monthly income per capita e Figure 2 Monthly get along consumption expenditure per capita (Source www. gso. gov. vn) As the result of the ever-increasing average per capital income, the living standards of all social strata go on to be improved.In the whole country, the monthly average expenditures in 2006, by current prices hit 511,000 VND, an increase of 28. 9% com pared with 2004. The Vietnamese did not stop in essential products for life only they had more choices when go shopping. There were great opportunities for companies in various fields of launching their business. As an attractive piece of the pie, drinking firms get ind potential Vietnam market and gained enormous benefit. The difference in monthly income per capital between urban and rural area would lead to the difference in monthly consumption spending between those two regions. 3. 2.demographic factors This entry provides the distribution of the population according to the age classification. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over). 0-14 years 25. 6% (male 11,418,642/female 10,598,184) 15-64 years 68. 6% (male 29,341,216/female 29,777,696) 65 years and over 5. 8% (male 1,925,609/female 3,055,212 (Source CIA World Fact book, Dec, 18. 2008) The country with young populations (high percentage under age 15) is a flexible environment . Its residents seem to be easy to accept changes and the new things. Additional, their taste has the own features.Marketers need the information on the population so that they can position which is the target segment for their products. With the token of drink like C2, analyzing age structure is a necessary act URC have to carry out carefully from that they can make a suitable strategy when doing business in Vietnam big market with population of 86 million people Natural conditions Three quarters of Vietnams territory consists of mountains and hills. Vietnam is located in both a tropical and a temperate zone. It is characterized by strong monsoon influences, but has a wide amount of sun, a high rate of rainfall, and high humidity.These factors help Vietnam to be a place with many advantageous conditions to grow green tea tree as a results, URC Vietnam is able to acquire a biggishly available supply of raw material, especially from Thai Nguyen province, the major supplier. Soci al concerns Drinking tea is Vietnameses long-standing cultural custom. It can be said that tea plays an important role in Vietnameses life. In modern society, people get acquainted with unshakable food and bollocks up drinks but green tea is still the preferable drink many people take up.Moreover, due to the young increasing trend of low-carb drink, people gradually change to take interest with the natural product. Green tea is produced in industrial scale and added more flavors, it plows the favorite drink not only with the elders but besides the young. 4. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS fit to Vietnamnet, Vietnams great thirst for alcoholic and soft drinks flags the local industrys fizzing potential and the participation of big foreign investors. Vietnam market becomes more and more attractive for investors from all over the world, especially in the alcoholic and soft drink fields.Therefore, Universal Robina Corporation (URC) with the product of sweeten green tea, C2, has to face with a great direct of fierce competition that not only encompass the competitors with the same product like 0 Degree, Lipton Pure Green, 100 Green Tea, Wonderfarm and opposite brands, but also involve those from other kinds of drinks much(prenominal) as beer, carbonated drinks, increase juice, tonic water and milk. 4. 1. confirmative competitors Thanks to the fast economic growth rate and enormous potentiality of soft drink market, many giants of beer, alcohol and soft drinks industry has come o Vietnam such as Denmarks Carlsberg and Heineken with beer, Pepsi and coca plant-Cola with carbonated drinks, La Vie and Aquafina with tonic waterVietnamese brands like Vinamilk, Tribeco, Hanoimilk has also built up a strong reputation. Hence, Vietnamese people can enjoy a very large variety of drinks but this is also the great threat of C2, especially the threat from Pepsi and Coca- Cola which hold 60% of soft drinks market share. 4. 2. Direct competitors In recent years, Vietnam soft dr ink market has been interrupting eventfully and the segment of green tea has made so obvious advances that any kind of other soft drinks can do.Vu Quoc Tuan, unrestricted relations manager at PepsiCo International Viet Nam, said that the bottled green tea market has grown three hundred percent in 2007. No drink has grown like that, he added. Although at the moment thither are many brands of sweeten green tea on the market, a lot of products are interdependent. They dear follow all the thing that create success of market leaders product For this reason, in part of direct competitor analysis, the report only focuses on studying two major competitors with similar products as C2 0 Degree and Lipton Pure Green. 4. 2. 1. 0 Degree Tan Hiep Phat Group (THP Group) is the first actor in this segment.After observing the lifestyle changes of greater mobility and the need of healthier drinkings, they made tea, part of Vietnamese culture, a ready- to- drink in a very convenient PET bottle, which is heatproof and easy to use. THP invested US$20 million in production equipment from Canada to launch the popular 0 Degree brand. In premature 2006, 0 Degree green tea bottle were sold on the local market with a large and effective advertising and promotion discharge (TV, parolepaper ads, editorials, PR, sponsor) and considerable distribution over the nation thanks to the foundation that Number 1 has built up.From 11/2006 to 11/2007, THP had the growth rate of 190% by this product, which made green tea became an extremely attractive market segment. First mover is the more or less significant competitive advantages of 0 Degree over C2, which came to the market a little bit later. However, C2 is considered more convenient than 0 Degree because of the bottle capacity. The 0 Degree net content is quite big for one person while the bottle of 360 ml C2 is much more suitable. 4. 2. 2. Lipton Pure GreenJust enter the market in August, 2008, Lipton Pure Green expressed that it is one of the fiercest competitors of C2 with the exceedingly strong reputation of 2 giants Lipton and Pepsi. Lipton Pure Green is made 100% from the best young tea leaves chose by the rule of 2 leaves and 1 bud and it has Antioxidants (AOX), the substance that can naturally prevent people from acquiring old. However, Lipton Pure Green has only 2 flavors in comparison with 4 flavors of C2 moreover, the tastes of Lipton are not as flavorsome as 0 Degree and C2 by many customers.In addition, the price of this green tea is not one of its competitive advantages because its price is above C2 price and little below 0 Degree with inconsiderable difference in bottle capacity. Furthermore, Pepsi and Lipton are strong brand names that are sustain but the break out of their merchandising campaign and their advantage of knock-down(a) distribution seems not to work effectively. Many people are not aware of Lipton Pure Green, a green tea product Pepsi Co. after 8 months of launching. Additionally , as 0 Degree, their bottle capacity is not really convenient.According to statistical data, 450 ml bottle is still quite great for one person. pic Figure 3 Volume per one drink To see clearly how these three products positioned in the market, lets look at the place map below Figure 4 Positioning map 5. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS 5. 1. way To refer and analyze market segments, behaviors variables should be the starting focus. In this part of the situational analysis, the variables of purchase occasion, benefits sought and committal lieu are selected to illustrate another base of market segmentation, the behavioral.In summer, the demand for soft drink that is flavorsome and healthy, especially the one that contains substance- hypothermia, like green tea, increases sharply. URC identifies these typical occasions as a major point for market segmentation. C2 products are made from green tea that can help people feel favourable even in the hottest days of that most unpleasant time in year with four fruit tastes that can make people more cheery. While looking for a nourishing beverage, C2 appeals to the segment of consumers wanting(p) to have a Cool & Clean product that make from green tea, a traditional therapeutic for good health.C2 can bring cool feelings and clean drink to customers by verified quality and delectable taste. In the case of sweeten green tea market the differences among brands are not extremely significant. Sometimes, if the farm animal does not have any more bottled green tea of the brand that customer want, he/she entrust easily convert to another brand that is available in that store. It may clearly illustrate the customers loyalty to C2 products. Hence, C2 concentrates on those who are interested in two or three brands or on those whose get conclusion is favorite one brand but sometimes trying others. . 2. Demographic Bottled green tea is a product that is utilizable for many people even they are young or old, men or women, married or si ngle. Therefore, in demographic segmentation URC Vietnam just groups their product by nationality and occupation. C2 targets to customers in the nation that have the traditional culture of drink green tea, a typical example -Vietnam, to develop a product which actually familiar with the users. The person who acknowledges of how marvelously good green tea is will be more ready to purchase a bottle of C2 than person who does know nothing intimately it.As indicated by the statistical data of the company, here is the occupation variable of C2 pic Figure 4 business concern variable of C2 As a result, the advertising of C2 focuses on the young who are both students and staffs with colorful and chipper ads on TV, newspapers and magazines. 5. 3. Geographic Do not have the competitive advantage of strong distribution channel as 0 Degree, C2 practices geographic segmentation by emphasizing on urban areas which enjoy high living standard, higher income, and higher density of population, an d are easier to approach its market campaign. . 4. Type of purchase decision behavior Customer decision making varies with type of buying process. To determine which decision type of customer that C2 goes for, there are two factors that URC has to consider involvement and differences between brands. Sweeten green tea belongs to the product category that has low customer involvement but significant perceived brand differences, variety- seeking buying behavior. Customers often do a lot of brand switching. When they buy a bottle of green tea, they choose a brand without much evaluation, and then evaluate it during consumption.The next time when they buy this kind of product again they will pick another brand in order to look for something different. To become the market leader, C2 should have the marketing strategy that differentiates it from other brands and try to promote habitual buying behavior by dominating shelf space, keeping shelves fully stocked and running frequent reminde r advertisings. 6. BRAND ANALYSIS 1. Brands current performance 6. 1. 1. Portfolio analysis BCG matrix BCG matrix, also known as congress growth and market share matrix, was built at the end of the 1960s by Boston Consulting Group, an American trategy consulting company. The real purpose of this matrix is to evaluate the companys ability to make profit by analyzing its portfolio and put them in four components of the matrix (star, question mark, dog and cash cow) as following graphs pic base on the studying of the products growth rate and market share, the companies are able to establish and develop timely strategies. In C2s case, they are now placed at Star level with a high market share and rapid growing in the sweeten green tea market.Specifically, in 2007, this ready to- drink green teas growth rate was about 7% equivalently to total sales revenue of 6 million dollars and increased considerably 17%, which brings the company with 31 million dollar revenues in 2008. C2 is curr ently ranked the second who performs well in the so attractive healthier beverage market- the green tea segment. 6. 1. 2. Product life cycle After taking the Philippines by storm, URC started launching C2 green tea with various flavors in Vietnam in 2007.The company has reached a significant achievement up to now, and become one of the most popular ready-to-drink green tea beverages for sale in that country. Their sales grew slowly as the products were firstly brought into the market, however. At that time, because of the so strong influence of 0 degree brand and also of the companys weak distribution channel, customers did not render much attention to and highly assess C2 products. lonesome(prenominal) when URC Vietnam made some major changes in its promotion and distribution channel, the company experienced a so impressive sales figure, three million bottles sold out in six months.From that time on, C2 operation is positioning at the growth stage with rapid increase in sales thr ough the years. In detail, according to the overview report of TNS Vietnam Consumer Trends Q4/08, that C2 products stood at the sixth position in the 10 fastest growing brands preferred by Vietnamese consumers in 2007, while they kept on doing business successfully in 2008 with the forth position in that selection. Moreover, it is obvious to see that C2 will continue holding higher market share, especially in this coming 2009 summer. . 2. 4Ps- Marketing mix Revenue from C2 products accounted for around one- half of total URC Vietnams profit in 2008. One of the major factors contribute to the company such an incredible success is thanks to marketing strategy based on 4Ps. 6. 2. 1. Product URC Vietnam offer diversified tastes of healthier beverage under C2 brand name. That C2 drink can be divided into four main flavors lemon, peach, apple and forest fruits green tea among them the first one is the most preferable to customers.Thai Nguyen tea, a very well-known and favorite Vietnamese brand, is chosen to be the major material utilized to produce such fresh green tea bottles. In addition, each C2 product is packaged in PET type which brings in a number of benefits for the customers. For instance, it has ability to keep the original taste of the natural green tea without any preservatives and artificial color. Furthermore, producers can economically take full advantages of the space in tea bottles package for their products advertising.Until now, there have been two styles of C2 tea launched on the market, the 360ml and the 1000ml bottles, which will make the users even more convenient. 6. 2. 2. Price According to URCs research report about customers response ( affix below), nearly two-third of those who were conveyed agreed that the reasonable price for each 500ml green tea bottle should range from 5,500 to 6,500 VND. Seeing that important factor, the company has established reasonable price exploitation market- sixth sense pricing corresponding to customers exp ectation.It is suggested that producers can set a low initial price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply in order to attract a larger number of buyers in short time (Philip Kotler, Principle of Marketing, page 355). Typically, each 360 ml C2 green tea product be customers from 3,500 to 4,500VND, which is approximately 5,700VND for one 500 ml bottle. In comparison with 6,000 and 7,000 VND for Pure Green tea 450 ml and 0 degree 500 ml, respectively, URCs products are more favorable, which creates a competitive advantage over their competitors. picFigure 5 Consumers opinion of price 6. 2. 3. Placement When first launching in Vietnam, URC did not pay adequate attention to develop or expand its distribution channel, which leaded to an unexpectedly low sale. To deal with that problem, the company has strived so much with the aim at building a strong distribution system. The most important change the company made to improve this ineffective system was to influence on marketing push. They persuaded the retailers or outlets to purchase products by providing so attractive promotion as well as added supports.For instances, URC Vietnam would offer 10 to 15 % discount if those outlets accepted to display C2 products on their shops. Moreover, the company allowed a number of overlord sales person and marketing staffs to work with those stores to support and supervise these areas whenever necessary. Thanks to such hard effort, till the present C2 products have been allocated widely in almost all of supermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, retailers, distribution outlets and so on. In detail, URC Vietnam sells nearly a half of C2 volume through big supermarkets such as Citimart, Big C, Co. pMart, MaxiMart, Vinatex and the like. However, that ready- to- drink tea products has just allocated mostly on cities and urban areas. At the moment, when the summer is gradually coming, URC mustiness take actions to establish a stronger distribution system to make their products more available on the market in order to satisfy a very high demand of Vietnamese customers. 6. 2. 4. Promotion away from placement, unlike the case of THP Corporation which has spent a huge amount of money on advertising, URC just save their capital invest on other fields rather than such costly activities.For instance, after failing to transfer contentedness to consumers in the first two trials in Vietnam, the company decided to pitch themselves with new advertising to revitalize C2. They created new TVC Television Commercial, with the participant of Johnny Tri Nguyen, a very cool, good looking, a wushu expert and stunt man, which later was voted among the top 10 Most favorite TVCs by Vietnamese televiewers. Those activities just costed only a half in comparison with the promotion campaign beforehand.That successful results simply illustrate that good advertisings need not be expensiveit must be creative and effective as URC consultant, Willy Arcilla said. At the m oment, not only to be advertised on TV but C2 products also are promoted on newspaper and internet for example, gia dinh & tiep thi, www. kienthucngaynay. vn. , etc. 7. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT, the analysis refers to the strategic method acting used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of each company. It is considered to be a crucial tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment.SWOT of C2 bottled green tea are summarized as below. 7. 1. Strengths C2s positive outcomes have been in part due to a number of factors. First of all, one important key contributing to such high sales revenue of the company is because of unquestionable tea supply. As mentioned in the marketing mix- 4Ps, strong point-of-difference- C2 brews tea leaves grown in the northern highlands of Thai Nguyen, renowned as the source of the best tea in Vietnam. Furthermore, each C2 bottle encompasses the natural flavor extracted from green tea (23%) and also citric acid, an essential element which helps people lose weight effectively.Likewise, C2 products are perfectly brewed and bottled at the same day, still keep totally clean and fresh tea taste. This benefit makes the tea users feel safer and firmly reliable when consuming the product. An additional feature that builds C2 brand popularity is its competitively-lower price in comparison with other brands in the same market. Before making final purchasing decision, people often carefully take price into esteem besides some important criteria such as products quality, brand, benefit and features.By impressively influencing on that consumers psychology, C2 has got the initial success in catching the attention of potential customers. 7. 2. Weaknesses Although URC Vietnam has made many acquisitions with a large number of retailers or distribution outlets, these stores are located mainly in cities or municipal areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Hai Phong, Da Nang and so on. Whereas, in the local or rural regions, the volume of C2 consumed seems to be much lower than that of 100 tea or 0 degree green tea.Thus, C2 should invest more money on their distribution channel, not only tighten current contracts but also expand new relationships with new local stores. The company can offer retail shops benefits with high indemnity or build its own retailers initiatively throughout the country. This action will has positive effects on making condition for the company to approach their potential customers more. By narrowing down the potential customers segment on its initial advertising is thought to be one more weakness that URC Vietnam should pay attention to.Specifically, the advertising with the attendance of Johnny Tri Nguyen persuaded consumers who habitually prefer carbonated beverage to convert to green tea products. That message implicated that C2 itself restricted the targeted clients to those who usually consume soft drink. Instead, the company could orient its product s to the mineral or concentrated bottled water and the other beverage market rather than carbonated drink. For that reason, URC Vietnam had better make some new meaningful advertising to draw the attention of higher level of customers. . 3. Opportunities The recent scientific research of England hospital of Pediatrics has marked out 10 most significant advantages of using tea on people health, among which the best five benefits are utilized to produce new sweeten green tea bottles such as antipyretic ability, decrease in death due to heart diseases (from 28 to 44%) and stripe of being old as well as cancer possibility. Seeing so many advantages of using green tea, Vietnamese people tend to choose tea as their daily preferable product. through with(predicate) conveying heir opinions, producers have developed and launched new products to meet their essential need (The result is posted as the table below). Most of people believe that employing green tea products will help them have antipyretic ability, reduce the possibility of cancer and purify the body. This rapid change in Customer Behavior creates a valuable chance for the company to keep on producing ready- to- drink tea. pic Figure 6 Teas Effects In addition, the summer, hottest period in the year, is upcoming. Consequently, people drinking demand will increase dramatically the following time.Catching this thirsty need, beverage manufacture should prepare very strong marketing plans (may be in terms of marketing mix) to further satisfy their customers. Particularly, up to now, green tea drink has a quite strong position in customers drink options. As a result, C2 should make use of this valuable opportunity to widespread or quickly expand its market in this period. At the end of 2008, there was a quite serious recession occurred in Vietnam economy which affected negatively on Vietnamese lives and reduced their consumption need.However, the quantity demanded for foods and beverage was slow down much less severely than other sectors, less than 25% (according to the report of TNS). This means that demand for foods and the like can not be replaced in human being life. Hence, it also generates big chances for any company in that industry, including C2. pic Figure 7 Consumers reaction in the recession Last but not least, C2 products are currently utilized to be the promotion of a number of companies to offer to their customers. For example, whenever customers buy one product of Mobil1 Racing, they will be given one cold C2 bottled green tea.This indirect promotion makes a good condition for URC Vietnam to increasingly entreat its sale figures. 7. 4. Threats There are many external forces that have a direct impact on the companys performance. Currently, C2 has to face up with a very fierce competition in the beverage market, which composes of both carbonated and healthier drinks (indirect and direct competitors). In the same market, there exist many powerful competitors such as 0 degre e, Pure Green and 100 in which 0 degree of THP is occupying the largest market share now.Although C2 has been positioned quite strongly in Vietnamese consumers drink option, that THPs product has the advantages of being the first mover in the sweeten green tea segment. Lately, THP has introduced new product, Dr. Thanh herbal tea, which has been consumed with a very fast sales since the first days launching. Hence, it is considered to be one of the biggest competitors in that market. Besides, among a lot of indirect competitors, Coca Cola and Pepsi, the heaviest and strongest ones that account for 60% beverage field in Vietnam, also take a lot of C2s concerning. . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In all, according to the findings above, it can be said that C2 continues maintaining its high position in Vietnam bottled green tea market with outstanding attainment while it also has to share this market with other strong competitors like 0 degree or Lipton Pure Green. Holding a number of intrinsic strengths greatly contributes to C2 such an incredible success whose outstanding example is its appropriate marketing strategies- market penetration pricing. However, URC Vietnam should make some changes in order for a stronger distribution system.They can build up new relationship with the local outlets rapidly by employing marketing push and pull also. In addition, good news from outside has created a lot of valuable chances to boost C2s development. Especially, URC Vietnam can make the best use of the approaching of special occasion the summer time to expand its market share as well as consumers brand awareness. Nevertheless, the recent appearance of Dr Thanh, a new comer in the healthier beverage market, creates a fiercer competition in that so attractive segment. Therefore, C2 needs to establish better zeal to get a win in that competitive battle.From the study above, some suggestions for improving C2s performance are introduced. To begin with, advertising is always a very useful way to inform in public and fully the information about the products and their services. In spite of the fact that C2 has made several qualified advertising, the televiewers are somehow not really pleased with those advertisings message. Then, it is proposed that URC Vietnam should concentrate on improving their advertisings quality for example more meaningful ones which transfer expected information to the customers.To compete with the enlarger development of Dr Thanh, the company had better invest money on Research and Development department so that they can produce further diversification in flavor such as strawberry or mix ones. purchasable on market at the moment there are mainly four tastes among which only the lemon green tea are being consumed with rapid sales. With the variety of healthier drinks sold on the market, the consumers may be confused of which products should be used for that reason, the company needs to provide differentiated products to gain th e competitive advantage over their competitors.REFERENCES 1. 2009, Overview TNS Vietnam Consumer Trends Q4/08 online available at universal resource locator http//www. scribd. com/doc/7563073/Overview-TNS-Vietnam-Consumer-Trends-Q408 (Accessed may 1st, 2009) 2. 2008, Branded Consumer Foods Group Internationalonline Available at URL http//www2. urc. com. ph/ (Accessed May 2nd, 2009) 3. 2007, URC launches C2 Green Tea in Vietnam online Available at URL http//www. universalrobina. com/2007/01/10/urc-launches-c2-green-tea-in-vietnam/ (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 4. 008, Demographics_of_Vietnam online Available at URL http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 5. 2007, Household living standard 2006, online Available at URL http//www. gso. gov. vn/default_en. aspx? tabid=483&idmid=4 (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 6. 2007, 10 cong dung noi bat nhat cua tra doi voi suc khoeonline Available at URL http//blog. 360. yahoo. com/blog-9mJ_aP8yd6QAK2zDNjFeXQbe3Q? cq=1 &tag=ky-luc (Accessed May 7th, 2009) 7. 2008, Quang Minh, Tra xanh C2 thuong hi? u thanh cong v? i chi? lu? c d? nh gia tham nh? p online Available at URL http//vietnambranding. com/thong-tin/phong-su-thuong-hieu/6554/Tra-xanh-C2thuong-hieu-thanh-cong-voi-chien-luoc-dinh-gia-tham-nhap (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 8. 2008, Quang Minh, Tra xanh khong do-Thuong hieu dan dau can thay doi (Phan-2) online Available at URL http//vietnambranding. com/thong-tin/phong-su-thuong-hieu/5791/Tra-xanh-khong-doThuong-hieu-dan-dau-can-thay-doi-(Phan-2) (Accessed May 5th, 2009) 9. 2007, ly thuyet ve ma tran BCG online Available at URL http//5nam. tvnol. com/marketing/465955. ttvn (Accessed May 3rd, 2009) 10. 2008, Roger Pe, C2s Saga in Vietnam, online Available at URL http//globalnation. inquirer. net/features/features/view/20080414-130258/C2s-sa ga-in-Vietnam (Accessed May 1st, 2009) 11. Philip Kotler, Steward Adam, linden Brown and Gary Armstrong (2002), Chapter 10 Pricing considerations and approach es, Pearson- Prentice Hall, p. p 355,356. Extreme convenience Bad promotion campaign Good promotion campaign Extreme inconvenience C2 0 Degree Lipton Pure Green