Generations of Computer Essay

The development of the integrated circuit was the h whollymark of the tertiary generation of ready reckoners. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called trailer truckconductors, which drastically increased the step on it and efficiency of computers. A chip is a small piece of semi conducting material(usually silicon) on which an integrated circuit is embedded. A typical chip is little than -squ ar inches and can behave millions of electronic comp mavinnts(transistors). Computers consist of m all chips placed on electronic boards called printed circuit boards. There ar different types of chips. For example, mainframe computer chips (to a fault called microprocessors) contain an entire processing unit, whereas memory chips contain blank memory. Computer chips, two for CPU and memory, are composed of semiconductor materials.Semiconductors make it possible to miniaturize electronic components, such as transistors. Not only does miniaturization think abo ut that the components take up less space, it also means that they are fleet and require less energy. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers done keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became approachable to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.Fourth multiplication 1971-Present MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the stern generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits we rebuilt onto a single silicon chip. A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of in the flesh(predicate) computers, the term microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also moderate the logic of almost all digital devices, from quantify radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles. Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors* Instruction tog The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.* Bandwidth The number of bits processed in a single instruction.* Clock Speed Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute. In both cases, the higher the value, the more(prenominal) powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bitmicroprocessor that runs at 25MHz. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to scarcely as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computation power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chi p called a microprocessor. Two typical components of a CPU are* The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.* The control unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the domain of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more customary products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked unneurotic to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.Fifth Generation Present and Beyond Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial learning, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice appre hension, that are being used today. Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer perception concerned with making computers behave like gays. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes * Games vie programming computers to play games such as darnel and checkers* honorable Systems programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)* Natural Language programming computers to understand indwelling human languages* Neural Networks Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of bodily connections that occur in animal brains* Robotics programming computers to see and hear and answer to other sensory stimuli Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games pla ying. The best computer chess programs are now adequate to(p) of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match. In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great obstacle identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and accost objects clumsily.Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and dress down to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more tough than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators.There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into create verbally words, but they do not understand what they are writing they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited you must communicate slowly and distinctly. Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving palmy in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and artificial intelligence.